Encyclopedia of Society and Culture in the Ancient World

1276 Index

sand 548 sandals clothing and footwear 272, 273, 275–277, 275f, 279, 281, 282 inventions 598 sandal-sole gorget 119 Sand Reckoner, Th e (Archimedes of Syracuse) astronomy 131 numbers and counting 804 sandstone building techniques and materials 152 climate and geography 243 mining, quarrying, and salt making 742, 743 sanitation cities 218 death and burial practices 311 health and disease 545, 548, 553, 555 San Lorenzo architecture 82–85 art 119 building techniques and materials 161 cities 231 economy 372 empires and dynasties 419 government organization 536 social collapse and aban- donment 1009 San people. See Bushmen Sanskrit language 613–614 literature 650, 651 Santorini Island 260. See also Th era Island San tribe 273 Sapelo Island Shell Rings 87 Sappho education 384 gender structures and roles 501 literature 658 saqiya 19, 28, 44 sarcophagi. See also coffi ns death and burial practices 314, 321 social collapse and aban- donment 1001f Sardinia agriculture 43 climate and geography 263 natural disasters 780 Sargon I (king of Akkad) art 99 borders and frontiers 14 2–143 cities 212 economy 352, 358

empires and dynasties 387, 397, 423 exploration 438, 439 government organization 517 inventions 597 war and conquest 1122, 1131, 1132 Sargon II (king of Assyria) architecture 63, 65 art 100 cities 213 death and burial practices 315 empires and dynasties 399 ships and shipbuilding 978 sari 278 Sassanian Dynasty architecture 64–65 art 100 military 729 social organization 1022 war and conquest 1136 sastras 625 satrapies economy 354 government organization 518–519 Saturnalia 470 Saturnian verse 661 Satyricon (A rbiter) 1109–1110 satyr plays 334, 335 Saul (king of Israel) 400 savannas 962, 963 saws 749–750 Scaevola, Quintus Mucius 630 scale armor 1164 scales (musical) music and musical instru- ments 763, 770 weights and measures 1179 scandals and corruption 534, 908–921 Africa 909–910 Americas 918–919 Asia and the Pacifi c 912–914 Egypt 910–911 Europe 914–915 Greece 915–916, 919–920 Midd le East 911–912 Rome 916 –918, 920 –921 Scandinavia climate and geography 253, 255 drama and theater 333– 334 exploration 441–442 gender structures and roles 499 inventions 600 religion and cosmology 851, 852

ships and shipbuilding 980 t ra nspor tat ion 1116 writing 1188 scarves 278 schenti 274 schistosomiasis health and disease 546, 548 pandemics and epidem- ics 821 schoolmasters 382 schools education 376–381, 384 government organization 521 science 921–951 Africa 922–925 Americas 946–950 Asia and the Pacifi c 932–935 Egypt 925–929, 950 Europe 935–937 Greece 937–941, 950–951 inventions 597 Middle East 929–932 Rome 941–946 Scipio Aemilianus 443, 444f Scipio the Elder 414 Scorpion (king of Egypt) economy 346 empires and dynasties 392 foreigners and barbarians 484 resistance and dissent 871 roads and bridges 884 Scotland architecture 70, 73 sports and recreation 1053 screws 600 scribal schools children 190 education 378–379 scribes education 377, 380 literature 647 occupations 818 social organization 1017 writing 1188 script 328 scrolls 1191 sculpture(s). See also relief carvings/sculpture adornment 4 architecture 82 art 88, 90–92, 95–96, 98, 101–103, 110–112, 114, 119–122 empires and dynasties 419 employment and labor 434 scutum 1170 Scylax 442–443 scytale 601 Scythia. See also Saka people government organization 524

migration and population movements 705 nomadic and pastoral societies 791 t ra nspor tat ion 1115 –1116 sea 1117 seafaring and navigation 952–961 Africa 952–953 Americas 960–961 Asia and the Pacifi c 955–956 astronomy 132 climate and geography 235, 257–258 economy 354 Egypt 953–954 Europe 956–957 Greece 957–959 Middle East 954–955 Rome 959–960 t ra nspor tat ion 1111 seafood 575 sea ling 911, 912 seals of ownership 597 Sea Peoples migration and population movements 700 ships and shipbuilding 978 war and conquest 1129 seashells, as money 355 seasons festivals 466, 467 seafaring and navigation 958 sea trade 357 Sechín Alto 121 secondary burials 316, 322 Second Dynasty (Egypt) art 94 children 190 craft s 286 empires and dynasties 392 Second Intermediate Period (Egypt) climate and geography 240 craft s 286 empires and dynasties 393 nomadic and pastoral societies 789 social collapse and aban- donment 1000 war and conquest 1123 Second Punic War borders and frontiers 145 economy 367 empires and dynasties 389, 390, 408 government organization 509 war and conquest 1152 Second Triumvirate 415 secret societies 622 “Secular Hymn, Th e” (Hor- ace) 673–674 sedation 550

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Encyclopedia of Society and Culture in the Ancient World

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