Encyclopedia of Society and Culture in the Ancient World

Sun Tzu: Th e Art of War, excerpt, sixth

century b.c.e. 737

Xenophon: “Th e Spartan War Machine,”

ca. 375 b.c.e. 738

Josephus: “Th e Roman Army in the First

Century c.e.,” fi rst century c.e. 739

“Th e Shipwrecked Sailor,” ca. 2200 b.c.e. 784

Th e Bible, excerpt from Exodus, fi ft h to

seventh centuries b.c.e. 785

Th e Egyptian Legend of the Creation,

excerpt, ca. 311 b.c.e. 866

Enûma Elish: Th e Epic of Creation, excerpt,

eighth century b.c.e. 867

Th e Rig-Veda, excerpt, ca. 1700–1100 b.c.e. 868

VOLUME IV

Aeschines: “On the Embassy,” excerpt,

343 b.c.e. 919

Appian: “Th e Civil Wars—On the Gracchi,”

from Roman History, before 162 c.e. 920

Herodotus, “Mummifi cation,” from Th e

Histories, fi ft h century b.c.e. 950

Archimedes: Letter to Dositheus,

ca. 220 b.c.e. 950

Th e Code of the Nesilim, excerpt,

1650–1500 b.c.e. 995

Kautilya: Th e Arthashastra, excerpt,

ca. 250 b.c.e. 996

Aristotle: “On Slavery,” from the Politics,

ca. 330 b.c.e. 997

Herodotus: Th e Histories, excerpt, fi ft h

century b.c.e. 1043

Arrian: Anabasis Alexandri (Campaigns of

Alexander), excerpt, second century c.e. 1045

Julius Caesar: “Th e Germans,” excerpt from

De bello Gallico (Th e Gallic Wars),

ca. 51 b.c.e. 1046

Pindar: Olympian Odes, ca. 470 b.c.e. 1058

Suetonius: Th e Divine Augustus, excerpt,

ca. 120 c.e. 1059

Th e Popol Vuh, excerpt, oral tradition,

unknown date 1060

Th e Periplus of the Erythraean Sea, excerpt,

fi rst to third centuries c.e. 1108

Petronius Arbiter: “Th e Banquet of

Trimalchio,” excerpt from the Satynicon,

fi rst century c.e. 1109

Herodotus: “Th e Carthaginian Attack on

Sicily,” excerpt from Th e Histories, fi ft h

century b.c.e. 1156

Pen-ta-ur: “Th e Victory of Ramses II

over the Khita,” inscription on the wall

of fi ve temples, one at Karnak,

ca. 1326 b.c.e. 1156

Excerpts from Accounts of the Campaign

of Sennacherib, ca. 701 b.c.e. 1158

Polybius: “Th e Roman Maniple vs. the

Macedonian Phalanx,” excerpt from

Th e Histories, ca. second century b.c.e. 1159

xxii List of Maps and Primary Source Documents

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