CIVIL ENGINEERING FORMULAS

182 CHAPTER SEVEN whereM,F, and Kare distances in miles, thousands of feet, and kilometers, respectively, from the point of tang ...

SURVEYING FORMULAS 183 STADIA SURVEYING In stadia surveying, a transit having horizontal stadia crosshairs above and below the c ...

184 CHAPTER SEVEN whereRintercept on rod between two sighting wires, ft (m) ffocal length of telescope, ft (m) (constant for s ...

CHAPTER 8 185 SOIL AND EARTHWORK FORMULAS PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF SOILS Basic soil properties and parameters can be subdivided in ...

186 CHAPTER EIGHT INDEX PARAMETERS FOR SOILS Index parameters of cohesive soils include liquid limit, plastic limit, shrinkage l ...

SOIL AND EARTHWORK FORMULAS 187 (8.6) (8.7) (8.8) Unit weights are generally expressed in pound per cubic foot or gram per cubic ...

188 CHAPTER EIGHT INTERNAL FRICTION AND COHESION The angle of internal frictionfor a soil is expressed by (8.12) where angle o ...

SOIL AND EARTHWORK FORMULAS 189 The Westergaard equation applies to an elastic material laterally reinforced with horizontal she ...

190 CHAPTER EIGHT LATERAL PRESSURE OF COHESIONLESS SOILS For walls that retain cohesionless soils and are free to move an apprec ...

SOIL AND EARTHWORK FORMULAS 191 LATERAL PRESSURE OF COHESIVE SOILS For walls that retain cohesive soils and are free to move a c ...

192 CHAPTER EIGHT STABILITY OF SLOPES Cohesionless Soils A slope in a cohesionless soil without seepage of water is stable if (8 ...

SOIL AND EARTHWORK FORMULAS 193 (8.30) where quultimate bearing capacity of soil, lb/ft^2 (kg / m^2 ) ccohesion, lb/ft^2 (kg / ...

194 CHAPTER EIGHT Characteristics of the soil are computed from (8.32) (8.33) (8.34) (8.35) (8.36) Maximum density is found by p ...

SOIL AND EARTHWORK FORMULAS 195 California Bearing Ratio TheCalifornia bearing ratio(CBR) is often used as a measure of the qual ...

196 CHAPTER EIGHT Compaction production can be computed from (8.41) whereWwidth of roller, ft (m) Sroller speed, mi / h (km / ...

SOIL AND EARTHWORK FORMULAS 197 Additional power is required to overcome rolling resistance on a slope. Grade resistance also is ...

198 CHAPTER EIGHT The load, or amount of material a machine carries, can be determined by weighing or estimating the volume. Pay ...

SOIL AND EARTHWORK FORMULAS 199 Vibrations caused by blasting are propagated with a velocity V, ft / s (m /s); frequencyf, Hz; a ...

200 CHAPTER EIGHT Blasting Operations Blasting operations are used in many civil engineering projects—for basements in new build ...

SOIL AND EARTHWORK FORMULAS 201 determining the burden. The length of the burden relative to the depth of the cut has a signific ...