CIVIL ENGINEERING FORMULAS

242 CHAPTER NINE With pinned supports and a uniform load on the horizontal member, Fig. 9.11: (9.117) (9.118) With pinned suppor ...

BUILDING AND STRUCTURES FORMULAS 243 With fixed supports and a concentrated load on the horizontal member, Fig. 9.13: (9.121) (9 ...

244 CHAPTER NINE With fixed supports and a uniform load on the vertical member, Fig. 9.16: (9.130) (9.131) (9.132) ROOF LIVE LOA ...

BUILDING AND STRUCTURES FORMULAS 245 Snow Loads Determination of designing snow loads for roofs is often based on the maxi- mum ...

246 CHAPTER NINE where Kzvelocity exposure coefficient evaluated at height z Kzttopographic factor Kdwind directionality fact ...

BUILDING AND STRUCTURES FORMULAS 247 example, ASCE 7-95 stipulates that the total lateral force, or base shear, V (kips) acting ...

248 CHAPTER NINE For horizontal shear distribution, the seismic design story shear in any story, Vx, is determined by the follow ...

CHAPTER 10 249 BRIDGE AND SUSPENSION- CABLE FORMULAS SHEAR STRENGTH DESIGN FOR BRIDGES Based on the American Association of Stat ...

250 CHAPTER TEN ALLOWABLE-STRESS DESIGN FOR BRIDGE COLUMNS In the AASHTO bridge-design specifications, allowable stresses in con ...

BRIDGE AND SUSPENSION-CABLE FORMULAS 251 whereFcrbuckling stress, ksi (MPa) Fyyield strength of the steel, ksi (MPa) Keffecti ...

252 CHAPTER TEN Emodulus of elasticity of material, psi mfactor of safety (L/r)critical slenderness ratio (10.11) SuggestedS ...

BRIDGE AND SUSPENSION-CABLE FORMULAS 253 (10.21) (10.22) (10.23) When the column ends are pinned, (10.24) (10.25) (10.26) For st ...

254 CHAPTER TEN ALLOWABLE-STRESS DESIGN FOR BRIDGE BEAMS AASHTO gives the allowable unit (tensile) stress in bending as Fb0.55F ...

BRIDGE AND SUSPENSION-CABLE FORMULAS 255 whereM 1 smaller beam end moment; and M 2 largerbeam end moment. The algebraic sign o ...

256 CHAPTER TEN Thickness of stiffener, in (mm), should be at least wherebis the stiff- ener width, in (mm); and fbis the flange ...

TABLE 10.3 Design Criteria for Symmetrical Flexural Sections for Load-Factor Design of Bridges Maximum Flange minimum Web minimu ...

258 CHAPTER TEN BEARING ON MILLED SURFACES For highway design, AASHTO limits the allowable bearing stress on milled stiffeners a ...

BRIDGE AND SUSPENSION-CABLE FORMULAS 259 COMPOSITE CONSTRUCTION IN HIGHWAY BRIDGES Shear connectors between a steel girder and a ...

260 CHAPTER TEN Bending Stresses In composite beams in bridges, stresses depend on whether or not the members are shored; they a ...

BRIDGE AND SUSPENSION-CABLE FORMULAS 261 wherewchannel length, in (mm), in transverse directionon girder flange; and Bcyclic v ...