CIVIL ENGINEERING FORMULAS

102 CHAPTER THREE When tension controls, (3.47) When compression governs, (3.48) Slender Columns When the slenderness of a colum ...

COLUMN FORMULAS 103 with 0.85. For c1.5 Fcr0.658c 2 Fy (3.50) forc 1.5 (3.51) wherec (KL/r ) Fyminimum specified yield ...

104 CHAPTER THREE In the United States, land-based wind turbines (also called onshore turbines) have been the most popular type ...

CHAPTER 4 105 PILES AND PILING FORMULAS ALLOWABLE LOADS ON PILES A dynamic formula extensively used in the United States to dete ...

106 CHAPTER FOUR The lateral-load versus pile-head deflection relationship is developed from charted nondimensional solutions of ...

PILES AND PILING FORMULAS 107 of the pile head on yandMcan be evaluated by substituting the value of Mt from the preceding equa ...

108 CHAPTER FOUR group. The efficiency factorEgis defined as the ratio of the ultimate group capacity to the sum of the ultimate ...

PILES AND PILING FORMULAS 109 thickness of the consolidating soil layers penetrated by the piles, and their undrained shear stre ...

110 CHAPTER FOUR Thenet bearing capacityper unit area, qu, of a long footing is convention- ally expressed as (4.14) where f1. ...

PILES AND PILING FORMULAS 111 whereBwidth of rectangular footing Llength of rectangular footing eeccentricity of loading For ...

112 CHAPTER FOUR For square or rectangular footings subject to overturning about two principal axes and for unsymmetrical footin ...

PILES AND PILING FORMULAS 113 These include elastic, semiempirical elastic, and load-transfer solutions for single shafts drille ...

114 CHAPTER FOUR degree. For piles less than 50 ft (15.2 m) long, Kis more likely to be in the range of 1.0 to 2.0, but can be g ...

CHAPTER 5 115 CONCRETE FORMULAS REINFORCED CONCRETE When working with reinforced concrete and when designing reinforced con- cre ...

116 CHAPTER FIVE non-air-entrained concrete and from 0.54 to 0.35 for air-entrained concrete. These values are for a specified 2 ...

CONCRETE FORMULAS 117 TENSILE STRENGTH OF CONCRETE The tensile strength of concrete is used in combined-stress design. In normal ...

118 CHAPTER FIVE Negative moment at face of all supports for (a) slabs with spans not exceeding 10 ft (3 m) and (b) beams and gi ...

CONCRETE FORMULAS 119 where bwidth of beam [equals 12 in (304.8 mm) for slab], in (mm) deffective depth of beam, measured from ...

120 CHAPTER FIVE For a balanced design, one in which both the concrete and the steel are stressed to the maximum allowable stres ...

CONCRETE FORMULAS 121 Checking Stresses in Beams Beams designed using the preceding approximate formulas should be checked to en ...