CIVIL ENGINEERING FORMULAS

F 2 m=

Section 1

Section 2

Direction

of flow

F 2 =P 2 A 2

P 1 =P 1 A 1

V 1 ,P 1 ,A 1

V 2 ,P 2 ,A 2

P 2

F 1 m

X

P 1

α

α

θ

θ

F 2 m

Y

Y

X

R

V 2 Qw

g Resultant

force

F 1 m=

V 1 Qw

g

FIGURE 12.12 Forces produced by flow at a pipe bend and change in diameter.

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