Wild fish and other aquatic organisms as feed in aquaculture in Europe 211
strategies through the use of formal environmental management systems; and
(iv) premium branding of aquafeeds and aquaculture products produced using
sustainable raw materials.- Markets for European feedfish and their by-products in Eastern Europe and the
Far East should be investigated. These markets currently absorb between 60 000–
100 000 tonnes of Icelandic capelin per year (60–85 percent of the total), which
might be increased. - Food products for direct human consumption should be developed from species
that are currently reduced to fishmeal and fish oil. These products should be
economically competitive, appeal to European and export markets and be resistant
to the cyclical nature of fishmeal and fish oil commodity pricing. - Further development of plant-based substitutes for fishmeal and fish oil inclusion
in aquafeeds is needed. These substitutes must be able to provide cost-effective
alternatives to fish-based products, be acceptable to consumers and not raise
sustainability issues in their own right. Much of the required research has already
been completed to effect significant levels of substitution, but various commercial
and consumer issues also need to be addressed.