Fish as feed inputs for aquaculture – Practices, sustainability and implications: a global synthesis 51
which have been traditional markets for small pelagic products. Such a study
would investigate why import levels have remained static over the last five
years and determine the role of price, stock availability and other key factors in
constraining trade. The study should also recognize the recent falls in capelin
availability and the likely impact on investor confidence.- Develop alternatives to marine fish-bait species by reducing the dependency of
the commercial and sport/recreation fisheries sector within North America and
elsewhere on the use of marine fish-bait species through the development and use
of farmed fish-bait species and artificially prepared fish baits using fish processing
wastes.
REFERENCES
Abila, R.O. 2003. Fish trade and food security: are they reconcilable in Lake Victoria.
Expert consultation on international fish trade and food security. FAO Fisheries Report
No. 708. Rome, FAO. 213 pp.
Aguilar-Manjarrez, J. & Nath, S.S. 1998. A strategic reassessment of fish farming potential
in Africa. CIFA Technical Paper No. 32. 170 pp.
Allan, G. 2004. Fish for feed vs fish for food. In A.G. Brown (ed.). Fish, aquaculture
and food security: sustaining fish as a food supply, pp. 20–26. Record of a conference
conducted by ATSE Crawford Fund, Parliament House, Cambera, 11 August 2004.
(available at http://www.crawfordfund.org/publications/pdf/fish_aqua_food.pdf)..)
Anon. 2003. Dioxins and PCBs in four commercially important fish stocks in the North
East Atlantic. Nordisk Atlantsamarbejde (NORA), Icelandic Association of Fish Meal
Manufacturers and p/f Havsbrun Faroe Islands. 57 pp. (available at http://www.sf.is/fif/
finalreport.pdf).
Anon. 2005. Risk on local fish populations and ecosystems posed by the use of imported
feed fish by the tuna farming industry in the Miditerranean. WWF Mediterranean
Programme, April 2005. 12 pp. (available at http://www.wwf.or.jp/activity/marine/lib/
wwfonenvironmentalriskoftunafarming-e.pdf).
Åsgård, T. & Austreng, E. 1995. Optimal utilization of marine proteins and lipids for
human interest. In H. Reinersten, H. Haaland and A.A. Balkema (eds.). Sustainable fish
farming, pp. 79–87. Rotterdam, the Netherlands.
Auster, P.J., Malatesta, R.J., Langton, R.W., Watling, L., Valentine, P.C., Donaldson,
C.L.S., Langton, E.W., Shepard, A.N. & Babb, I.G. 1996. The impacts of mobile fishing
gear on sea floor habitats in the Gulf of Maine: implications for conservation of fish
populations. Reviews in Fisheries Science, 4: 185–202.
Ayyappan, S. & Ahamad Ali, S.A. 2007. Analysis of feeds and fertilizers for sustainable
aquaculture development in India. In M.R. Hasan, T. Hecht, S.S. De Silva and A.G.J.
Tacon (eds.). Study and analysis of feeds and fertilizers for sustainable aquaculture
development, pp. 192–219. FAO Fisheries Technical Paper No. 497. Rome, FAO. 510
pp.
Bax, N.J. 1991. A comparison of fish biomass flow to fish, fisheries and mammals in six
marine ecosystems. ICES Marine Science Symposia, 193: 217–224.
Bechtel, P.J. 2003. Advances in seafood byproducts: 2002 conference proceedings. Alaska Sea
Grant College Program, University of Alaska, Fairbanks, Alaska, USA. 566 pp.
Bell, J.G., McGhee, F., Dick, J.R. & Tocher, D.R. 2005. Dioxin and dioxin-like
polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in Scottish farmed salmon (Salmo salar): effects
of replacement of dietary marine fish oil with vegetable oils. Aquaculture, 243(1–4):
305–314.
Bethune, C., Seierstad, S.L., Sljeflot, I., Johansen, O., Arnesen, H., Meltzer, H.M.,
Rosenlund, G., Froyland, L. & Lundebye, A.-K. 2006. Dietary intake of differently fed
salmon: a preliminary study on contaminants. European Journal of Clinical Investigation,
36(3): 193–201.