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he sustained a life long interest in baseball and had been the patron of baseball associations in South Australia and
the Northern Territory.
For Kriewaldt’s scholarly disposition, the Northern Territory Supreme Court was an ideal arena in which he
could concern himself with all aspects of the law at a manageable level. Also, he had the opportunity of seeing
that justice was done and the chance to adumbrate the principles of law involved in his decisions, a privilege not
generally available to jurists in other jurisdictions.
Who’s Who in Australia, 1959; G Sawer, ‘Judge Martin Kriewaldt’ in Adelaide Law Review, vol 1, 1960–1962; Advertiser, 13 June 1960;
Australian Law Journal, vol 34, 23 June 1960; Herald, 13 June 1960; New Zealand Truth, 21 December 1955; Northern Standard, 4 April 1952,
13 June 1952, 8 August 1952, 7 May 1953, 5 November 1953 & 12 November 1953; Northern Territory News, 20 March 1958, 3 April 1958,
24 December 1958 & 24 May 1960; Sydney Morning Herald, 16 December 1956; Australian Archives, MP 16/1; National Library of Australia,
MS 5169/8.
PETER ELDER, Vol 2.KWALBA, also known as ‘POLICEMAN JACK’ (dates of Kwalba’s birth and death are not known). He was
born in Central Australia, into the Inteera totemic group. He was the son of Nakinkaka from Imanda and of the
Ulboluna totemic group and his second wife, Totumeraka, a Knuarea woman from Patatuna. Kwalba had two
brothers, Inditjalbuka and Ilkalita. His two wives, Liesha and Kitty Benham were both half-caste women and his
children Tim Armstrong and Chinaman Ted became well-known figures in their own right.
Kwalba’s name is assured a place in history because of his connection with William Willshire and the Tempe
Downs murders of 1891. The extent of Kwalba’s involvement is not clear and what has been documented about
the massacre is an amalgamation of many fragmented stories and anecdotes. But Kwalba is representative of
those who lived in an era of conflict and an era where both Europeans and Aborigines had little understanding of
each other’s ways. On 22 February 1891, shots were heard at Tempe Downs. Constable William Willshire, who
had earlier gained a reputation for his disdain for the ‘Natives’, led a punitive party to Irbnankara. Kwalba was
reputedly among this party. Francis Gillen, then magistrate of the Alice Springs court and later a well-known
anthropologist, sought to bring Willshire to justice. This act was much to the satisfaction of the Aranda people
who had perceived Willshire as the arch villain for many years. This gratitude was demonstrated in a ceremonial
festival in Alice Springs in 1896.
It appears that Kwalba’s and the part of the other Aborigines in the punitive party was confined to following
orders and there is no evidence that Kwalba had turned against his own people. His story, or what is now known
of it, highlights the plight of the many who were torn between two cultures.
Strehlow Research Foundation Newsletter, no 6, 1983 & no 7, 1984, Biographical index files, AIAS, Canberra.
ROBYN MAYNARD, Vol 1.KWONG SUE DUK (SUN MOW LOONG) (1853–1929), was the youngest of three sons born in the Kwong
ancestral village of Wong Nai Chuen, Liang Pui, in the county of Toishan, Guangdong Province, China. The family
name, Kwong, was originally bestowed on an Imperial army general some 25 generations earlier, in the year 960,
by the Emperor of the Sung Dynasty. General Kwong was sent to the south of China to help establish unity across
the country, and this family line continued to produce Imperial scholars and government officials in Southern
China.
As a youth, Kwong Sue Duk first ventured abroad to seek an early fortune in the California gold rush.
(The California goldfields were known as Gum Shan or ‘Gold Mountain’.) After several years, he earned enough
money for his family and passage home and soon returned to Toishan, China. He then embarked on an education
including Traditional Chinese Medicine. In 1874, he married his first wife (Gee An Gow). Within a year, and after
the birth of their first son (Kong Sing), Kwong heard of the new riches to be found in the gold rush of Australia
(Sun Gum Shan or ‘New Gold Mountain’) and took a ship to Cooktown, North Queensland in 1875. This became
the first of many journeys between Canton and Australia as he gradually established business, family, home and an
affinity for this foreign and harsh land.
Kwong Sue Duk returned to China after several years and, in 1879, Kwong Sue Duk’s wife bore them a
daughter (Jon Gee). In 1882, he set sail once more—this time arriving in the prospering township of Southport
in the Northern Territory. Kwong eventually established a successful general trade store and real estate enterprise
operating under his business name, Sun Mow Loong. Southport and the surrounding goldfields boomed and
Kwong’s businesses had a turnover in trade of 25 000 Pounds annually. He became well respected and influential
amongst the Chinese and European communities and was often consulted over matters concerning the Chinese.
Kwong assisted many other Chinese to migrate from the Toishan area to Australia and helped them to find work.
In 1884, he obtained his naturalisation certificate in Australia. He also married a second wife, Chun Ngor
Gwei, who was with her mistress visiting Australia. After moving to Palmerston (the name given to early Darwin)
in March 1887, Kwong married a third wife, Yuen Yuk Lau who was brought to Australia by Kwong’s friends and
relatives. Several months later, he travelled to China where another daughter (Toy Mee) was conceived by his first
wife. Kwong then returned to Australia to tend to his thriving businesses, and this time bought a number of rental
properties, always under the business name of Sun Mow Loong. In the year 1888, Kwong’s third wife gave birth
to a daughter, Ly Kin, the first of her nine children.
He returned to China in 1889, and subsequently brought out his first wife and their three children to Palmerston,
where she later bore them another daughter, Sum Gwai. Kwong and his first three wives built and supported the