Structuralism:A twentieth-century movement in
literary criticism that examines how literary
texts arrive at their meanings, rather than
the meanings themselves. There are two
major types of structuralist analysis: one
examines the way patterns of linguistic
structures unify a specific text and empha-
size certain elements of that text, and the
other interprets the way literary forms and
conventions affect the meaning of language
itself.
Structure:The form taken by a piece of literature.
The structure may be made obvious for ease of
understanding, as in nonfiction works, or may
obscured for artistic purposes, as in some
poetry or seemingly ‘‘unstructured’’ prose.
Sturm und Drang: A German term meaning
‘‘storm and stress.’’ It refers to a German
literary movement of the 1770s and 1780s
that reacted against the order and ration-
alism of the enlightenment, focusing instead
on the intense experience of extraordinary
individuals.
Style:A writer’s distinctive manner of arranging
words to suit his or her ideas and purpose in
writing. The unique imprint of the author’s
personality upon his or her writing, style is
the product of an author’s way of arranging
ideas and his or her use of diction, different
sentence structures, rhythm, figures of
speech, rhetorical principles, and other ele-
ments of composition.
Subject:The person, event, or theme at the cen-
ter of a work of literature. A work may have
one or more subjects of each type, with
shorter works tending to have fewer and
longer works tending to have more.
Subjectivity:Writing that expresses the author’s
personal feelings about his subject, and
which may or may not include factual infor-
mation about the subject.
Surrealism:A term introduced to criticism by
Guillaume Apollinaire and later adopted
by Andre Breton. It refers to a French liter-
ary and artistic movement founded in the
1920s. The Surrealists sought to express
unconscious thoughts and feelings in their
works. The best-known technique used for
achieving this aim was automatic writing—
transcriptions of spontaneous outpourings
from the unconscious. The Surrealists
proposed to unify the contrary levels of con-
scious and unconscious, dream and reality,
objectivity and subjectivity into a new level
of ‘‘super-realism.’’
Suspense:A literary device in which the author
maintains the audience’s attention through
the buildup of events, the outcome of which
will soon be revealed.
Syllogism: A method of presenting a logical
argument. In its most basic form, the syllo-
gism consists of a major premise, a minor
premise, and a conclusion.
Symbol:Something that suggests or stands for
something else without losing its original
identity. In literature, symbols combine
their literal meaning with the suggestion of
an abstract concept. Literary symbols are of
two types: those that carry complex associ-
ations of meaning no matter what their con-
texts, and those that derive their suggestive
meaning from their functions in specific lit-
erary works.
Symbolism:This term has two widely accepted
meanings. In historical criticism, it denotes
an early modernist literary movement initi-
ated in France during the nineteenth century
that reacted against the prevailing standards
of realism. Writers in this movement aimed
to evoke, indirectly and symbolically, an
order of being beyond the material world
of the five senses. Poetic expression of per-
sonal emotion figured strongly in the move-
ment, typically by means of a private set of
symbols uniquely identifiable with the indi-
vidual poet. The principal aim of the Sym-
bolists was to express in words the highly
complex feelings that grew out of everyday
contact with the world. In a broader sense,
the term ‘‘symbolism’’ refers to the use of
one object to represent another.
Symbolist:SeeSymbolism
Symbolist Movement:SeeSymbolism
Sympathetic Fallacy:SeeAffective FallacyT
Tanka:A form of Japanese poetry similar to
haiku.Atankais five lines long, with the
lines containing five, seven, five, seven, and
seven syllables respectively.
Terza Rima:A three-line stanza form in poetry
in which the rhymes are made on the lastGlossary of Literary Terms