The Politics of Intervention

16 THE POLITICS OF INTERVENTION

of pacification not included in their writings. For all the study

and all the techniques learned in the Philippines, the officers

of the United States Army knew that colonial service was

full of unforeseen hazards. As one general later phrased

the dilemma:

Time and again since the nation assumed the role of World Power

there have been thrust upon junior subalterns the determination of

grave questions involving diplomacy, commerce, and the law, inter­

national, civil and criminal. A correct decision, with prompt and force­

ful action, may tide over a grave emergency, whilst an honest error

may live to mar a record through a lifetime of loyal service.^28

Yet the risks to reputation and career often only reinforced
some officers' compulsions to "civilize" an occupied people,
and this was equally true for Cuba as it was for the United
States possessions.

1. R. Ernest Dupuy, The Compact History of the United States Army
   (New York, 1956), pp. 183-217.


2. The standard biography of Wood is Hermann Hagedorn, Leonard
   Wood (2 vols.; New York and London, 1931).


3. Theodore Roosevelt, The Rough Riders (The Collected Works of
   Theodore Roosevelt, Vol. XIII [24 vols.; New York, 1923-26]), p. 5.


4. Roosevelt to Charles W. Eliot, September 22, 1906, Theodore
   Roosevelt Papers, Library of Congress.


5. William Allen White, Autobiography of William Allen White (New
   York, 1946), p. 143. See also Funston's obituary, Army and Navy
   Journal, February 24, 1917; and the New York Times, February 20, 1917.


6. Reported in the Army and Navy Journal, April 13, 1907. For
   Funston's delightful account of his military career, see Frederick Funs-
   ton, Memories of Two Wars (New York, 1911).


7. Samuel P. Huntington, The Soldier and the State (Cambridge,
   Massachusetts, 1957), pp. 222-69. For the American antirnilitary tradi­
   tion in the late nineteenth century, see Arthur A. Ekirch, Jr., The
   Civilian and the Military (New York, 1956), pp. 107-55.


8. William Harding Carter, The American Army (Indianapolis, 1915),
   pp. 1-27. General Carter was Secretary of War, Elihu Root's principal
   assistant in preparing the Army reforms of 1903.


9. Hugh L. Scott, Some Memories of a Soldier (New York, 1928),
   p. 218.


10. Philip C. Jessup, Elihu Root (New York, 1938), I, 215-407;
    Richard Leopold, Elihu Root and the Conservative Tradition (Boston,