18 THE POLITICS OF INTERVENTION- Testimony of Brig. Gen. R. P. Hughes before the Senate Com
mittee on the Philippines, Hearings, Sen. Doc. 331, I, 569, as previously
cited. - A good account of Taft's governorship in the Philippines is
Henry F. Pringle, The Life and Times of William Howard Toft (New
York, 1939), I, 163-225. See also Ralph Eldin Minger, "Taft, Mac-
Arthur, and the Establishment of Civil Government in the Philippines,"
Ohio Historical Quarterly, LXX (October, 1961), pp. 308-31. - Taft to Root, April 3, 1901, quoted by Pringle, The Life and
Times of William Howard Taft, I, 205. - Bacon and Scott (eds.), The Military and Colonial Policy of
the United States, p. 24; "Report of the Secretary of War for 1902,"
Five Years in the War Department, p. 259. - Congressional Record, 59th Cong., 1st Sess., XL, Part 4, 3838-40,
3895-96, 3980, 3986. - Taft to Wood, March 12, 1906, Leonard Wood Papers, Library
of Congress. - This discussion is based on the author's research in the papers of
Generals Leonard Wood, Robert L. Bullard, Tasker H. Bliss, Frank R.
McCoy, Hugh L. Scott, James G. Harbord, Henry T. Allen, Frank
Parker, Enoch L. Crowder, and John J. Pershing, in the Journal of the
Military Service Institution, and in the following sources: Parker, The
Old Army: Some Memories, 1872-1918; Carter, The American Army;
Scott, Some Memories of a Soldier; Bisbee, Through Four American
Wars: The Impressions and Experiences of Brigadier General William
Henry Bisbee; Nelson A. Miles, Personal Recollections and Observa
tions of General Nelson A. Miles (Chicago and New York, 1897);
Serving the Republic (New York and London, 1911); William Harding
Carter, The Life of Lieutenant General Chaffee (Chicago, 1917); and
Richard C. Brown, "Social Attitudes of American Generals, 1898-1940,"
(unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, University of Wisconsin, 1951). Brown
points out that General Order 100, the Army's rule governing treatment
of civilians in war zones, was a mixture of "humanitarianism and
military sternness." - Capt. J. W. Furlong, "Notes on Field Service in Cuba," November
2, 1907, File 4352, Army War College Document File, 1903-19,
Records of the War Department General Staff, National Archives,
Record Group 165. Hereafter cited as AWC Doc. File (with number),
RG 165. - Lt. Col. R. L. Bullard was to become Lt. Gen. R. L. Bullard,
commander of the First Division, III Corps, and Second Army of the
American Expeditionary Force in World War I. His thoughts on
pacification are from a manuscript, "Military Pacification," and the
writings in his notebooks, particularly number 12, Bullard Papers,
Library of Congress. - Carter, The American Army, p. 220.