0390435333.pdf

Feist−Feist: Theories of

Personality, Seventh

Edition

II. Psychodynamic

Theories

3. Adler: Individual
   Psychology

(^76) © The McGraw−Hill
Companies, 2009

2. People’s subjective perceptionsshape their behavior and personality.


3. Personality is unified and self-consistent.


4. The value of all human activity must be seen from the viewpoint of social
   interest.


5. The self-consistent personality structure develops into a person’s style of life.


6. Style of life is molded by people’s creative power.

Striving for Success or Superiority

The first tenet of Adlerian theory is: The one dynamic force behind people’s behav-

ior is the striving for success or superiority.

Adler reduced all motivation to a single drive—the striving for success or su-

periority. Adler’s own childhood was marked by physical deficiencies and strong

feelings of competitiveness with his older brother. Individual psychology holds that

everyone begins life with physical deficiencies that activate feelings of inferiority—

feelings that motivate a person to strive for either superiority or success. Psycholog-

ically unhealthy individuals strive for personal superiority, whereas psychologically

healthy people seek success for all humanity.

Early in his career, Adler believed that aggressionwas the dynamic power be-

hind all motivation, but he soon became dissatisfied with this term. After rejecting

aggression as a single motivational force, Adler used the term masculine protest,

which implied will to power or a domination of others. However, he soon abandoned

masculine protest as a universal drive while continuing to give it a limited role in his

theory of abnormal development.

Next, Adler called the single dynamic force striving for superiority.In his final

theory, however, he limited striving for superiority to those people who strive for

personal superiority over others and introduced the term striving for successto de-

scribe actions of people who are motivated by highly developed social interest

(Adler, 1956). Regardless of the motivation for striving, each individual is guided by

a final goal.

The Final Goal

According to Adler (1956), people strive toward a final goal of either personal supe-

riority or the goal of success for all humankind. In either case, the final goal is fic-

tional and has no objective existence. Nevertheless, the final goal has great signifi-

cance because it unifies personality and renders all behavior comprehensible.

Each person has the power to create a personalized fictional goal, one con-

structed out of the raw materials provided by heredity and environment. However,

the goal is neither genetically nor environmentally determined. Rather, it is the prod-

uct of the creative power,that is, people’s ability to freely shape their behavior and

create their own personality. By the time children reach 4 or 5 years of age, their cre-

ative power has developed to the point that they can set their final goal. Even infants

have an innate drive toward growth, completion, or success. Because infants are

small, incomplete, and weak, they feel inferior and powerless. To compensate for this

deficiency, they set a fictional goal to be big, complete, and strong. Thus, a person’s

70 Part II Psychodynamic Theories