TABLE OF CONTENTS
I. SCOPE OF CHAPTER ............................................................................................ 3
II. INTRODUCTION ...................................................................................................... 6
III. OVERVIEW OF CANADIAN HUMAN RIGHTS SYSTEM .................................... 7
IV. OVERVIEW OF ONTARIO’S HUMAN RIGHTS SYSTEM ................................. 10
A. Human Rights Tribunal of Ontario ...................................................................... 10
B. Human Rights Legal Support Centre .................................................................. 11
C. Ontario Human Rights Commission ................................................................... 11
V. WHAT CONSTITUTES “DISABILITY” UNDER THE CODE?................................. 13
VI. WHAT CONSTITUTES “SERVICES” UNDER THE CODE? .............................. 16
VII. WHAT DISCRIMINATION DOES THE CODE PROHIBIT? ................................ 21
A. Direct and Adverse Effect Discrimination ........................................................... 21
B. Duty to Accommodate Disability ......................................................................... 23
C. Harassment and Poisoned Environment ............................................................ 28
D. Reprisal .............................................................................................................. 29
E. Systemic Discrimination ..................................................................................... 30
VIII. DISCRIMINATION ANALYSIS ........................................................................... 33
A. Proving Prima Facie Discrimination .................................................................... 34
B. Justification of Discrimination ............................................................................. 38
- Respondent Provided Appropriate Accommodation ....................................... 38
- Accommodation Would Have Resulted in Undue Hardship ............................ 39
- Alleged Discrimination is a Bona Fide Occupational Requirement ................. 41
- Alleged Discrimination is Immune from Code Liability .................................... 42
IX. REMEDIES ......................................................................................................... 45
A. Public Interest Remedies .................................................................................... 46
B. General Damages: Injury to Dignity, Feelings, Self-Respect .............................. 47
C. Restitution........................................................................................................... 48
D. Interest ............................................................................................................... 49
E. Costs .................................................................................................................. 49
X. CONCLUSION ....................................................................................................... 49