18 Briefing Technology and innovation TheEconomistJanuary22nd 2022
$67bn. On top of this, last year Amazon
bought Zoox, which like Aurora focuses on
autonomous vehicles, for $1.3bn.
Analysts suspect Amazon’s immediate
interest in the sector lies in the possibility
of making its delivery service cheaper and
more efficient—it has already ordered
100,000 delivery vans from Rivian. The in
vestment may be comparable to the com
pany’s purchase of Kiva Systems, a robotics
firm, in 2012. Kiva’s technology now helps
Amazon’s warehouses run smoothly.
Google also invested in two selfdriv
ingcar companies: Waymo, a firm origi
nally spun out of X, the tech giant’s in
house “moonshot” unit; and Nuro, an au
tonomousdelivery company. Apple,
which in 2019 acquired Drive.ai, a self
drivingcar startup, is mostly working on
its selfdriving cars inhouse. Its Project Ti
tan aims to launch a vehicle in 2025. This
week Microsoft joined the race, with an in
vestment in Wayve, a Londonbased self
drivingcar firm.
Overall, 9% of the investments made by
the big tech companies are in cars and mo
bility, compared with just 2.4% for the ven
turecapital industry. Indeed, all of the
frontier technologies except for crypto
boast a share of Big Five investment higher
than that for vcs in general. Overall 37% of
big tech investments, by number, were on
the frontiers, as opposed to around a quar
ter for venture investors in general.
Alphabet, Amazon and Microsoft also
all have separate investment subsidiaries.
Since 2019 Alphabet’s venturecapital arms
(Gradient Ventures and gv) and its private
equity unit (CapitalG) have cut about
deals. Around 100 of those have been for
firms that work in life sciences or health
care—an area tech firms see as appealing in
part because of ai’s increasing applicabil
ity to biology. You can now “write rna
structure on a computer like it’s a piece of
software,” says Tom Slater of Baillie Gif
ford, a large asset manager that invests in
tech firms. Google’s venturecapital invest
ments include Editas Medicine, a genome
editing company, and Adagio Therapeu
tics, a drugdiscovery firm.
Another 45 investments from Google’s
financing arms have been in fintech firms
such as Botkeeper, an automated book
keeping service. Other tech firms are mak
ing similar moves. Apple acquired Mobee
wave, a payments startup, in 2020 to turn
iPhones into mobile contactless payment
terminals. Last year Amazon bought Per
pule, an Indian fintech firm, and is work
ing with Goldman Sachs to expand the
company’s loan offering.
Perpule and a number of other fintech
firms are part of another trend: of the
firms the tech titans have taken a stake in
since 2019, 24 hail from India, more than
any other country except America. Ama
zon has built up a stake in BankBazaar, a
Chennaibased online financial market
place. In 2020 Google said it planned to in
vest $10bn in Indian tech firms over the
next fivetoseven years. Overall big tech
looks far more willing to invest in India
than American vcfirms are.
Another way to gauge where technolo
gy firms are placing their bets is to look at
the people they employ and those whom
they want to employ. The Economist exam
ined the LinkedIn profiles of employees at
the Big Five for the mostused keywords
(see chart 3). Again, the data from Meta are
very metaversal. We found some experi
ence of working with aror vrin 24% of
the profiles associated with Meta’s em
ployees, more than with any other firm.
Quantum of employment
According to Thinknum Alternative Data, a
research firm, the tech giants are looking
to hire in these areas too. Among the Big
Five job listings mentioning ar or vr
jumped from about 75 in August 2020 to
567 today. Meta and Amazon are posting
about 200 such jobs each at the mo
ment—a striking fact given that Amazon
employs 20 times as many people as Meta
does. A similar uptick can be seen in car
related listings. Some hires are highpro
file. InJuneApplehiredUlrichKranz,for
merlya seniorexecutiveatbmw’s electric
vehicleunit,tobeefupProjectTitan.Ithas
alsosnappeduptwoexecutivesfromTesla.
Thereisgrowinginterestinquantum
computing,iffroma lowbase.Onaverage
around0.5%ofstaffatBigTechfirmsrefer
toquantumontheirLinkedInpages.Ama
zonandAlphabetarementioningitmore
whenadvertisingvacancies.InJulyGoogle
announced abigstepinquantumerror
suppression,vitalif thetechnologyistobe
commercialised.KevinScott, chieftech
nology officerat Microsoft, seesinvest
mentinquantumcomputingasa necessi
tyforthecompany.“Ifsucha [quantum
computing]machineweretoexistinthe
futureitwouldbeimportantthatMicro
soft has one,” he says. Such fears of miss
ing out can drive huge research projects.
Other forms of data support much of
what our research suggests. Take patents.
Microsoft, Amazon and Google have all re
cently applied for quantumcomputing
related patents. More than half of Meta’s
patent applications since 2019 mention ar
or vr. On earnings calls Meta, unsurpris
ingly, bangs on about the metaverse; Mi
crosoft and Google are much more likely to
talk about the ai which will underpin most
of the new tech frontiers.
None of this is to say that Mr Atkinson’s
oligopolists are investing in a way likely to
maximise innovation itself, let alone the
economic and social benefits it can bring.
It is hard not to believe that the sheer size
of these incumbents constitutes some sort
of block on radical attempts to reinvent the
world. But though each company has its
particular interests, our picture of their
priorities shows that in many sectors there
really is significant competition.
And for all that innovation is an easy
word to throw about, throwing huge
amounts of money and resources at it is
much harder. Far better that big tech
should do that hard work thanjustsiton
its backside maximising its rents.n
Room at the bottom
Employees’ LinkedIn profiles mentioning
related words, January 2022, % of total
Source:LinkedIn
3
Quantum
computing
Crypto
Cars
Fintech
Metaverse
Health care
Robotics
0 2 4 6
Meta Apple Alphabet Microsoft Amazon