The Economist January 22nd 2022 31
Asia
Health
Battling the superbugs
R
umina hasanpeers at a sample of bac
teria taken from a threedayold baby
suffering from fever and fits. What she sees
in her laboratory in Karachi, Pakistan’s
largest city, is alarming. The bugs causing
the illness–Serratia marcescens–are resis
tant to every antibiotic available. Mean
while at a hospital in Dhaka, Bangladesh’s
capital, Jobayer Chisti struggles to save a
onemonthold from pneumonia caused
by drugresistant Klebsiella. This bug
would be remarkable in Britain or Ameri
ca, where most cases of bacterial pneumo
nia are easily cured by antibiotics. But 77%
of the infections treated by Dr Chisti’s team
between 2014 and 2017 involved drugre
sistant bacteria.
Antimicrobialresistant infections are
now a leading cause of death around the
world, according to a report released by the
Lancet, a medical journal, on January 20th.
In 2019 almost 1.3m deaths directly resulted
from illness caused by drugresistant bugs.
The highest tolls by far were in subSaha
ran Africa, where 24 deaths per 100,000
were the result of antimicrobial resistance,
and South Asia, where it was 22 deaths per
100,000 (see chart on following page).
When antibiotics, which kill bacteria,
and other new antimicrobial drugs, in
cluding antifungals, became widely avail
able in rich countries during the 1940s,
they revolutionised medicine. Microbe
busting drugs also boosted industrial
farming in the second half of the 20th cen
tury. Antibiotics not only guard against
diseases, which are rife on factory farms;
they also help to fatten livestock.
By 2018 South Asia’s 1.8bn people were
taking a quarter of the world’s antibiotics,
according to data published last year in the
Lancet. (For comparison, subSaharan Afri
ca, where around 1.1bn live, consumed just
over 10%.) India is the world’s biggest guz
zler of antibiotics for humans. Their great
er availability has saved lives, says Direk
Limmathurotsakul of Mahidol University
in Thailand. But it has also created the per
fect conditions for resistance to thrive. The
more that microbes come under attack
from antimicrobials, the more the former
evolve to become resistant to the latter.
The overuse of antimicrobials creates
superbugs that these drugs cannot treat.
In most of South Asia antibiotics are ea
sy to obtain. They can be bought in a phar
macy or even at a market—no need for a
prescription. As the region grows more
prosperous, more people can afford them.
And the drugs themselves are getting
cheaper. India’s thriving drug industry
churns out truckloads of lowcost gener
ics. A course of antibiotics may cost as lit
tle as 50 rupees ($0.67), says Kamini Walia
of the Indian Council of Medical Research,
a government agency. Many doctors over
prescribe them, grumbles Dr Chisti. Some
are sloppy because they lack training or
oversight. Others give patients what they
want because they are paying customers.
It is not only rising prosperity that leads
to the overuse of antibiotics. Poverty can
too. Antibiotics are sometimes used to
compensate for poor sanitation and health
care, says Ramanan Laxminarayan of the
Centre for Disease Dynamics, Economics &
Policy, a research institute with an office in
Delhi. People who drink dirty water get
sick and reflexively pop a pill, which is
cheaper than a visit to the doctor.
Drug-resistant infections kill close to 1.3m people a year. To see why, look
at South Asia
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