82 The Economist January 22nd 2022
Obituary Charles McGee
I
f youhadwantedtofindidealmilitarymaterialonDecember
7th 1941, the day the Japanese attacked Pearl Harbour, you could
hardly do better than Charles McGee. He was tall, strong, daring
and engaging, the son of a minister in the Methodist Episcopal
church. At DuSable high school in St Charles, Illinois, he had grad
uated ninth out of a class of more than 400. At the University of Il
linois, where he went next (having scraped and saved, toiling in
restaurants, steel mills and the Civilian Conservation Corps), his
first choice was engineering, later switching to life sciences. And
when the news about Pearl Harbour reached him, on his 22nd
birthday, he was desperate to serve. Not as a foot soldier, slogging
through mud with a rifle, as in his father’s tales of the first world
war; but ideally above it all, in a fighter plane.
There was only one problem. He was black, and therefore, ac
cording to army thinking at the time, unsuited for military service.
Although AfricanAmericans had served in the civil war and occa
sionally before it, the generals’ thinking since 1925 had been
shaped and fixed by a study by the Army War College, “The Use of
Negro Manpower in War”. This declared that black men were “very
low in the scale of human evolution”. “The cranial cavity of the Ne
gro”, the report went on, “is smaller than the white”, and his brain
weighed less. He could not control himself in the face of danger
“to the extent the white man can”. Though he was “jolly, docile and
tractable, and lively”, he lacked initiative and resourcefulness, and
if treated unkindly could become “stubborn, sullen and unruly”.
They could be trained as combat troops, in separate facilities, but
had to serve under a white officer. Otherwise they were good only
for digging ditches, driving trucks and cooking chow.
The spirit that drove Charles McGee to his extraordinary ser
vice—409 combat missions and 6,308 flying hours in the second
world war, Korea and Vietnam—was therefore not just the desire
to fight for his country, but to show what AfricanAmericans could
do, given an equal chance. He didn’t see himself as a fighter for civ
il rights, since he preferred to ignore serenely any prejudice or
namecalling he met. That was mere nonsense, young fellows’
stuff. Nor did he want to make his point by saying to whites, “You
don’t like us, you don’t want us, therefore we won’t serve.” As an
Eagle Scout, service was his watchword. His aim was to say, look at
us: we have the same skills, or better, than you.
Serving also gave him, wonderfully, a chance to fly. Though he
had never even kicked the tyre of a plane before, he fell in love so
deeply that on his 100th birthday he was still flying, venturing up
in a Cessna Citation and a Cirrus Vision jet. In his old service fa
vourite, the Mustang p51c, he adored the loops, rolls and spin, the
speed and, above all, the sense of leaving noise and clutter behind
and roaming free, seeing the stars come out. From up there, hu
man beings and their petty divisions looked very, very small.
Earth was a tougher place. When he enlisted, in 1942, President
Roosevelt had just ordered the creation of a new black aviation un
it. The Army Air Corps, the forerunner of the air force, was horri
fied; pilots were the last thing black men should be. There were al
so not enough black mechanics to support them, since white ones
could not. Reluctantly, then, the Corps began to train those black
mechanics, confident they would fail. They did not, and the Mus
tangs were always kept as sweetly tuned as could be. But the
wouldbe pilots were sent to be trained in Tuskegee, in fiercely
segregated rural Alabama, apparently to show how impossible
their bold dreams still were.
In his life so far he had met relatively little sharp prejudice. In
St Charles his had been the only black family, so he attended a
white school. At university, though there was racism in the town,
the campus was fine. That easy state of affairs changed as soon as
the train for Tuskegee crossed into the South, when they were
made to leave their coach seats to sit behind the coalcars getting
cinders in their eyes; where the town was offlimits, and he had to
learn quickly which local gas stations not to try. But he shrugged
all that off in the joy of flying and doing his part.
In 1943 he was sent to Italy, to an airfield near Naples, where the
Tuskegee Airmen had to escort B17 bombers on raids over central
Europe, chasing off swarms of Luftwaffe planes. Those were fun
times. He downed one personally, sheer luck, as the pilot turned
into his gunsights. Their aircraft were customised, so the gun
ners could pick them out, with red tails and trim (and his own
plane with his wife’s nickname, Kitten). In all the unit destroyed
more than 250 enemy aircraft, 600 rail cars and dozens of boats,
losing only 27 bombers in 179 forays, well below the average. The
white bomber pilots, scandalised at first to think that their protec
tors were black, came to want the Red Tails there. They were in
valuable in Vietnam, too, where he flew reconnaissance missions.
So he had made his point, at least in war. At home and in peace,
though the armed forces were legally desegregated in 1948, it was
another story. White pilots were feted, and recruited for the grow
ing airline industry; the Tuskegee Airmen were soon forgotten,
heading back to the largely menial jobs they had held before. Some
even destroyed their uniforms. He went on flying, training a new
generation of AfricanAmerican pilots, but also found himself
drawn into nonviolent rulebreaking in the officers’ clubs he was
still, in practice, barred from joining: invading whitesonly bowl
ing alleys, barging into whitesonly cinemas. There were still a lot
of folks out there who needed to be shown.
He also kept the Tuskegee Airmen’s story alive, working with
several nonprofit Red Tails projects to organise lectures and visit
schools. Its members, increasingly frail, proudly wore their red
jackets to speak of scarcely credible things expressed and perpe
trated in America, not so many decades before. Their motto was,
and is, “Rise above adversity”. When it was his turn, he spoke with
a gentle smile of satisfaction. Things were not perfect yet. But the
Red Tails had served, and their service had proved the potential of
every AfricanAmerican. n
What the Red Tails did
General Charles McGee, a rare survivor of America’s first
all-black aviation unit, died on January 16th, aged 102