1102 CHAPTER 27: Organic Chemistry I: Formulas, Names, and Properties
*077.Give the IUPAC names for the following esters.*078.Name the following esters.Reactions of Organic Molecules
*079.(a) When an addition reaction occurs, the molecule
becomes more nearly saturated. Explain. (b) When an
elimination reaction occurs, the molecule becomes more
unsaturated. Explain.
*080.(a) What is a substitution reaction? (b) What is a halo-
genation reaction? (c) What is an addition reaction?
*081.(a) Describe the reaction of methane with chlorine
in ultraviolet light. (b) Write equations that show struc-
tural formulas for all compounds that can be formed by
reaction (a). (c) Name all compounds in these equations.
(d) Why are the halogenation reactions of the larger al-
kanes of limited value?
*082.(a) Describe the reaction of ethane with chlorine in ultra-
violet light. (b) Write equations that show structural
formulas for all compounds that can be formed by reac-
tion (a). (c) Give the IUPAC names for all compounds in
these equations.
*083.Which of the following compounds could undergo
addition reactions? (a) propane; (b) 1,3-butadiene;
(c) cyclopentene; (d) acetone.
*084.Most reactions of the alkanes that do not disrupt the car-
bon skeleton are substitution reactions, whereas the
alkenes are characterized by addition to the double bond.
What does this statement mean?
*085.How can bromination be used to distinguish between
alkenes and alkanes?
*086.Write equations for two reactions in which alkenes
undergo addition reactions with halogens. Give the
IUPAC names for all compounds.
*087.When a substitution reaction occurs, there is no change
in saturation. Explain.
*088.(a) What is hydrogenation? (b) Why is it important?
(c) Write equations for two reactions that involve hydro-
genation of alkenes. (d) Give the IUPAC names for all
compounds in part (c).(b)CH 3 CH 2 CH 2 COCH 2 CH 3O(a) COO(a)CH 3 C OCH 2 CH 3O(b)CH 3 COCH 3O*089.Describe two qualitative tests that can be used to distin-
guish between alkenes and alkanes. (b) Cite some specific
examples. (c) What difference in reactivity is the basis for
the qualitative distinction between alkanes and alkenes?
*090.(a) Why are alkynes more reactive than alkenes? (b) What
is the most common kind of reaction that alkynes
undergo? (c) Write equations for three such reactions.
(d) Give the IUPAC names for all compounds in part (c).
*091.(a) What is the most common kind of reaction that the
benzene ring undergoes? (b) Write equations for the reac-
tion of benzene with chlorine in the presence of an iron
catalyst and for the analogous reaction with bromine.
*092.Write equations to illustrate both aromatic and aliphatic
substitution reactions of toluene using (a) chlorine, (b)
bromine, and (c) nitric acid.
*093.Classify each reaction as substitution, addition, or elimi-
nation.
(a) CH 3 CH 2 BrCN88nCH 3 CH 2 CNBr
(b) CH 3 CHCH 2 BrZn88n
A
Br CH 3 CHUCH 2 ZnBr 2
H 2 SO 4
(c) C 6 H 6 HNO 3 888888nC 6 H 5 NO 2 H 2 O
*094.Describe a simple test to distinguish between the two iso-
mers 2-pentene and cyclopentane.Polymers
*095.(a) What is a polymer? (b) What is the term for the smaller
molecule that serves as the repeating unit making
up a polymer? (c) What are typical molecular weights of
polymers?
*096.(a) What is polymerization? (b) Write equations for three
polymerization reactions.
*097.(a) Give an example of a condensation reaction. (b) What
is the essential feature of monomers used in condensa-
tion polymerizations?
0 *98.The examples of condensation polymers given in the text
are all copolymers, that is, they contain two different
monomers. Is it possible for a single monomer to poly-
merize so as to form a condensation homopolymer? If so,
suggest an example. If not, explain why not.
*099.(a) What is a monomer? (b) Name three polymers com-
monly found in a classroom and their use or function.
*100.(a) What is a copolymer? (b) What is a condensation poly-
mer? (c) Name three polymers that are addition polymers.
*101.Poly(vinyl alcohol) has a relatively high melting point,
258°C. How would you explain this behavior? A segment
of the polymer isCH 2 CHCH 2 CHCH 2 CHCH 2 CHCH 2 CHOH OH OH OH OH......