The Foundations of Chemistry

OUTLINE

4-1 The Periodic Table: Metals,

Nonmetals, and Metalloids

4-2 Aqueous Solutions: An

Introduction

1 Electrolytes and Extent of

Ionization

2 Strong and Weak Acids

3 Reversible Reactions

4 Strong Bases, Insoluble Bases,

and Weak Bases

5 Solubility Guidelines for

Compounds in Aqueous Solution

4-3 Reactions in Aqueous Solutions

4-4 Oxidation Numbers

Classifying Chemical Reactions

4-5 Oxidation-Reduction Reactions:

An Introduction

4-6 Combination Reactions

1 Element
Element nCompound

2 Compound
Element nCompound

3 Compound
Compound nCompound

4-7 Decomposition Reactions

1 Compound nElement
Element

2 Compound nElement
Compound

3 Compound nCompound
Compound

4-8 Displacement Reactions

1 More Active Metal


Salt of Less Active 88n

Metal

Less Active Metal


Salt of More Active Metal

2 Active Metal


Nonoxidizing Acid 88n

Hydrogen


Salt of Acid

3 Active Nonmetal


Salt of Less Active 88n

Nonmetal

Less Active Nonmetal


Salt of More Active

Nonmetal

4-9 Metathesis Reactions

1 Acid–Base (Neutralization)

Reactions: Formation of a

Nonelectrolyte

2 Precipitation Reactions

3 Gas-Formation Reactions

4-10 Summary of Reaction Types

Naming Inorganic Compounds

4-11 Naming Binary Compounds

4-12 Naming Ternary Acids and

Their Salts

OBJECTIVES

After you have studied this chapter, you should be able to

• Describe the periodic table and some of the relationships that it summarizes


• Recognize and describe nonelectrolytes, strong electrolytes, and weak electrolytes


• Recognize and classify acids (strong, weak), bases (strong, weak, insoluble), and salts
  (soluble, insoluble); use the solubility guidelines


• Describe reactions in aqueous solutions by writing formula unit equations, total ionic
  equations, and net ionic equations


• Assign oxidation numbers to elements when they are free, in compounds, or in ions


• Recognize oxidation–reduction reactions and identify which species are oxidized,
  reduced, oxidizing agents, and reducing agents


• Recognize and describe classes of reactions: decomposition reactions, displacement
  reactions, and various types of metathesis reactions


• Name and write formulas for common binary and ternary inorganic compounds

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The active metal sodium, Na, reacts
vigorously with water.

2Na(s)
2H 2 O(l)88n
H 2 (g)
2NaOH(aq)

Heat released by the reaction causes

unreacted sodium to give off a
characteristic yellow glow and

ignites the hydrogen gas that is
formed.

2H 2 (g)
O 2 (g)88n2H 2 O(g)