The Foundations of Chemistry

OUTLINE

1-1 Matter and Energy

1-2 States of Matter

1-3 Chemical and Physical Properties

1-4 Chemical and Physical Changes

1-5 Mixtures, Substances,

Compounds, and Elements

1-6 Measurements in Chemistry

1-7 Units of Measurement

1-8 Use of Numbers

1-9 The Unit Factor Method

(Dimensional Analysis)

1-10 Percentage

1-11 Density and Specific Gravity

1-12 Heat and Temperature

1-13 Heat Transfer and the

Measurement of Heat

T

OBJECTIVES

After you have studied this chapter, you should be able to

• Use the basic vocabulary of matter and energy


• Distinguish between chemical and physical properties and between chemical and
  physical changes


• Recognize various forms of matter: homogeneous and heterogeneous mixtures,
  substances, compounds, and elements


• Apply the concept of significant figures


• Apply appropriate units to describe the results of measurement


• Use the unit factor method to carry out conversions among units


• Describe temperature measurements on various common scales, and convert between
  these scales


• Carry out calculations relating temperature change to heat absorbed or liberated

T

housands of practical questions are studied by chemists. A few of them are

Howcan we modify a useful drug so as to improve its effectiveness while mini-

mizing any harmful or unpleasant side effects?

Howcan we develop better materials to be used as synthetic bone for replacement

surgery?

Whichsubstances could help to avoid rejection of foreign tissue in organ transplants?

Whatimprovements in fertilizers or pesticides can increase agricultural yields? How

can this be done with minimal environmental danger?

Howcan we get the maximum work from a fuel while producing the least harmful emis-

sions possible?

The earth is a huge chemical

system, including innumerable
reactions taking place constantly,

with some energy input from
sunlight. The earth serves as the

source of raw materials for all
human activities as well as the

depository for the products of these
activities. Maintaining life on the

planet requires understanding and
intelligent use of these resources.

Scientists can provide important
information about the processes, but

each of us must share in the
responsibility for our environment.