Chemistry, Third edition

186 11 · SOLUTIONS AND SOLUBILITY be at sea level. This can cause CO 2 poisoning because the higher oxygen pressure triggers les ...

up water into the flask so fast that it sprays like a fountain. If blue litmus is added to the bucket, the water entering the fl ...

11 · SOLUTIONS AND SOLUBILITY whereas others will keep out only larger molecules (such as metal-complex ions or sugars). The exa ...

OSMOSIS 189 wherecis the differencein the concentration of solute between the two solutions used in the experiment, Ris the uni ...

11 · SOLUTIONS AND SOLUBILITY Colloids What is a colloid? A colloid is a mixture of solute and solvent in which the particles of ...

COLLOIDS 191 Classification of colloids Colloids do not only involve solids and liquids. The classification of common types of c ...

192 11 · SOLUTIONS AND SOLUBILITY 11.1.Which of the following are true? (i) Water is more soluble in hexane than hexane is solub ...

Chemical Families Objectives Takes you on a guided tour of the Periodic Table Describes the similarities and changes in the pr ...

194 12 · CHEMICAL FAMILIES An older numbering system for the groups is also shown on the Periodic Table, whereby Groups 13, 14, ...

GROUP 1 ELEMENTS Most of the compounds of the alkali metals are therefore ionic, and the alkali metals have an oxidation state o ...

12 · CHEMICAL FAMILIES 6.They form nitrates that decompose to nitrites and oxygen on strong heating (but note that LiNO 3 decomp ...

GROUP 2 ELEMENTS Group 2 elements – the alkaline earth metals: Be, Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba, Ra The chemistry of these elements (except Be ...

198 12 · CHEMICAL FAMILIES Atomic and ionic radii of the s-block elements The atomic and ionic radii of the elements of Groups 1 ...

GROUP 14 ELEMENTS Group 14 elements: C, Si, Ge, Sn, Pb All these elements have four electrons in the outermost shell of their at ...

12 · CHEMICAL FAMILIES way to form a network solid (not unlike the diamond structure), resulting in a high-melting-point solid. ...

GROUP 14 ELEMENTS 201 Table 12.6Oxidation states of Group 14 elements. Very unusual oxidation states are in brackets, preferred ...

12 · CHEMICAL FAMILIES Semiconductors Silicon and germanium are used as semiconductors. Semiconductors have electrical resistanc ...

GROUP 17 ELEMENTS Group 17 elements – the halogens: F, Cl, Br, I, At The halogens have seven electrons in the outermost shell of ...

12 · CHEMICAL FAMILIES Group 18 elements – the noble gases: He, Ne, Ar, Kr, Xe, Rn These elements, with the exception of helium, ...

ELEMENTS OF THE FIRST TRANSITION SERIES 205 Elements of the first transition series The block of elements between Group 2 and Gr ...