Chemistry, Third edition

CONTENTS ix

13.6Standard enthalpy of combustion 230

13.7Nutrition 231

13.8Lattice enthalpy 233

13.9Energetics of bond breaking and

bond making 236

Revision questions 239

14 Speed of Chemical Reactions

14.1Reaction rate 241

14.2Factors affecting reaction rate 245

14.3Reaction rate expressions 250

14.4Examples of rate expressions found

by experiment 252

14.5Calculations using rate expressions 253

14.6More about first-order reactions 257

14.7Reaction mechanisms 260

14.8Catalysis 262

Revision questions 263

15 Dynamic Chemical Equilibria

15.1Introduction 265

15.2Equilibrium law and equilibrium

constant 267

15.3Meaning of equilibrium constants 269

15.4Effects of changing concentration,

pressure and temperature upon

equilibria 272

15.5Production of ammonia by the

Haber–Bosch process 281

15.6Heterogeneous equilibria 282

Revision questions 283

16 Acid–Base Equilibria

16.1Ionic equilibria in water 285

16.2Acids and bases in aqueous

solution 289

16.3Hydrolysis of salts 295

16.4Buffer solutions 297

16.5Acid–base indicators 301

16.6 Variation of pH during an

acid–base titration 303

16.7 Buffering action of carbon dioxide

in water 305

Revision questions 306

17 Organic Chemistry:

Hydrocarbons

17.1 Alkanes 307

17.2 Alkenes 315

17.3 Alkynes 321

17.4 Aromatic hydrocarbons 322

Revision questions 328

18 Common Classes of Organic

Compounds

18.1 Halogenoalkanes 330

18.2 Alcohols 330

18.3 Carbonyl compounds 334

18.4 Carboxylic acids 338

18.5 Amines 341

18.6 Optical isomerism 342

18.7 Amino acids and proteins 343

18.8 Substituted benzene derivatives 345

Revision questions 348

19 Separating Mixtures

19.1 Separating a solid from a liquid 350

19.2 Separating two liquids 353

19.3 Separating solids 355

19.4 Steam distillation 356

19.5 Ion exchange 356

19.6 Solvent extraction 357

19.7 Chromatography 360

Revision questions 364

20 Light and Spectroscopy

20.1 Electromagnetic spectrum 366

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