Chemistry, Third edition

Periodic Table inside front cover

Preface xi

To the Student: How to Use this Book xii

Acknowledgements xiii

1 Numbers, Units and

Measurement

1.1 Very small and very big numbers 1

1.2 Logarithms 2

1.3 Units 3

1.4 Errors in experiments 6

1.5 Reporting measurements 10

Revision questions 14

2 Elements, Compounds and

Reactions

2.1 Matter and energy 15

2.2 Physical and chemical changes 19

2.3 Chemical formulae 20

2.4 Writing and balancing equations 24

Revision questions 28

3 Inside the Atom

3.1 Atomic structure 29

3.2 Isotopes 32

3.3 Mass spectrometer 35

3.4 Electronic structure of atoms 38

3.5 Evidence for the existence of energy

levels in atoms 40

3.6 More advanced ideas about

electronic structure 41

Revision questions 45

4 Bonding Between Atoms

4.1 Why atoms combine 46

4.2 Ionic bonding 47

4.3 Covalent bonding 52

4.4 Coordinate bonding 56

4.5 Ionic and covalent compounds –

two extremes 57

4.6 Resonance structures 60

Revision questions 62

5 More about Bonding

5.1 Exceptions to the octet rule 63

5.2 Shapes of molecules 65

5.3 Shapes of molecules with multiple

bonds 69

5.4 Molecules with and without dipoles 71

5.5 Metallic bonding 72

5.6 Giant molecules 73

5.7 Forces between covalent molecules 75

Revision questions 81

6 Reactions of Ions in Solution

6.1 Dissolution of salts in water 82

6.2 Ionic equations 83

6.3 Producing ions in water by chemical

reaction 86

6.4 Acids and bases 90

6.5 Reactions of acids 91

6.6 Acids produced when gases CO 2 ,

SO 2 and NO 2 dissolve in water 95

6.7 Reactions of the hydroxide ion 95

6.8 Use of reactions in the identification

of ions in solution 97

Revision questions 98

7 Oxidation and Reduction

7.1 Redox reactions 100

Contents

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