Chemistry, Third edition

viii CONTENTS

17.2 Oxidation numbers 102

17.3 Oxidizing and reducing agents 104

17.4 Writing and balancing redox

equations 104

17.5 Redox couples 107

17.6 Activity series of metals 113

17.7 Corrosion of iron 114

17.8 Redox reactions in nature 115

1 Revision questions 117

8 The Mole

18.1 Molecular mass 118

18.2 Moles 119

18.3 Percentage composition by mass 124

18.4 Water of crystallization 127

18.5 Calculating amounts from

equations 127

18.6 Calculating gas volumes 129

18.7 Percentage yield 130

18.8 Limiting reagents 131

1 Revision questions 133

9 Calculating Concentrations

19.1 Concentration of solutions 135

19.2 Standard solutions 138

19.3 Volumetric analysis 140

19.4 Other units of concentration 146

19.5 pH scale 150

1 Revision questions 152

10 Gases, Liquids and Solids

10.1 Heat and temperature 153

10.2 Changes in the state of matter 153

10.3 Gas laws 157

10.4 Kinetic molecular theory of gases 161

10.5 Ideal gas equation 162

10.6 Adsorption of gases on solids 164

10.7 Vapour pressure 165

10.8 Critical temperature and pressure 168

Revision questions 169

11 Solutions and Solubility

11.1 Solubility 170

11.2 Dynamic nature of dissolution 176

11.3 Solubility of sparingly soluble

ionic compounds 176

11.4 Distribution of a solute between

two solvents 182

11.5 Solubility of gases in water 183

11.6 Osmosis 187

11.7 Colloids 190

Revision questions 192

12 Chemical Families

12.1 Periodic Table 193

12.2 Group 1 elements – the alkali

metals 194

12.3 Group 2 elements – the alkaline

earth metals 197

12.4 Group 14 elements 199

12.5 Group 17 elements – the halogens 203

12.6 Group 18 elements – the noble

gases 204

12.7 Elements of the first transition

series 205

12.8 Variation of properties of elements

within groups and periods 210

Revision questions 214

13 Energy Changes in Chemical

Reactions

13.1 Conservation of energy 215

13.2 Key points about enthalpy changes 218

13.3 Determination of Hin the

laboratory 222

13.4 Special kinds of standard enthalpy

change 225

13.5 Standard enthalpy of formation 226

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