Pearson Edexcel Level 3 Advanced GCE in Religious Studies – Anthology
138Buddhas and finally realizes the perfec t and c omplete Enlightenment
(Samyaksambodhi).
From this we c an see that anyone who aspires to bec ome a Buddha is a
Bodhisattva, a Mahayanist, though he may live in a c ountry or in a c ommunity
popularly and traditionally regarded as Theravada or Hinayana. Similarly, a person
who aspires to attain Nirvana as a disciple is a Sravakayanika or Hinayanist though
he may belong to a c ountry or a c ommunity c onsidered as Mahayana. T hus it is
wrong to believe that there are no Bodhisattvas in Theravada c ount ries or t hat all
are Bodhisattvas in Mahayana c ountries. It is not c onc eivable that Sravakas and
Bodhisattvas are concentrated in separate geographical areas.
Further, Asanga says that when a Bodhisattva finally attains Enlightenment
(Bodhi) he becomes an Arahant, a Tathagata (i.e. Buddha). Here it must be clearly
understood that not only a Sravaka (disciple) but also a Bodhisattva becomes an
Arahant when finally he attains Buddhahood. The Theravada posit ion is exac t ly t he
same: the Buddha is an Arahant – Araham Samma-SamBuddha – "Arahant, Fully
and Perfec tly Enlightened Buddha."
The Mahayana unequivocally says that a Buddha, a Pratyekabuddha and a
Sravaka (disc iple), all t hree are equal and alike wit h regard t o t heir purific at ion or
liberat ion from defilement s or impurit ies (Klesavaranavisuddhi).
T his is also c alled Vimukt i-Kaya (Liberat ion-body), and in it there is no
difference between the three. That means that there are no three different Nirvanas
or Vimukt is for t hree persons. Nirvana or Vimukt i is t he same for all. But only a
Buddha ac hieves the c omplete liberation from all the obstruc tions to the knowable,
i.e., obstructions to knowledge (Jneyyavaranavisuddhi), not the Sravakas and
Prat yekabuddhas. T his also is c alled Dhar ma-Kaya ( Dh a rma-body), and it is in t his
and many other innumerable qualities, c apac ities and abilities that the Buddha
becomes incomparable and superior to Sravakas and Pratyekabuddhas.
T his Mahayana view is quit e in keeping wit h t he Theravada Pali T ripit aka. In
the Samyutta-Nikaya the Buddha says that the Tathagata (i.e. Buddha) and a
bhikkhu (i.e. sravaka, disc iple) liberat ed t hrough wisdom are equal wit h regard t o
t heir Vimutta (liberat ion), but the Tathagatha is different and distinguished from
the liberated bhikkhus in that he (Tathagata) disc overs and shows the Path
(Magga) that was not known before.
These three states of the Sravaka, the Pratyekabuddha and the Buddha are
mentioned in theNidhikanda Sutta of the Khuddakapatha, the first book of the
Khuddaka-nikaya, one of t he five Collec t ions of t he Theravada Tripitaka. It says
t hat by prac t ising virt ues suc h as c harit y, moralit y, self-restraint, etc., one may
attain, among other things, "the Perfection of the Disciple" (Savaka-Parami),
"Enlightenment of the Pratyekabuddha" (Paccekabodhi) and "the Buddha-d o ma in "
(Buddhabhumi). They are not called Yanas (vehic les).