References 351Sedikides, C., & Skowronski, J. J. (1993). The self in impression
formation: Trait centrality and social perception. Journal of
Experimental Social Psychology, 29,347–357.
Seligman, M. (1995). The optimistic child.New York: Houghton
Mifflin.
Semin, G. R., & Manstead, A. S. R. (1982). The social implications
of embarrassment displays and restitution behavior. European
Journal of Social Psychology, 12,367–377.
Shaver, P., Hazan, C., & Bradshaw, D. (1988). Love as attachment:
The integration of three behavioral systems. In R. J. Sternberg &
M. L. Barnes (Eds.), The psychology of love(pp. 68–99). New
Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
Shrauger, J. S., & Schoeneman, T. J. (1979). Symbolic interactionist
view of self-concept: Through the looking glass darkly. Psycho-
logical Bulletin, 86,549–573.
Smeaton, G., Byrne, D., & Murnen, S. K. (1989). The repulsion
hypothesis revisited: Similarity irrelevance or dissimilarity bias?
Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 56,54–59.
Snyder, M. (1974). The self-monitoring of expressive behavior.
Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 30,526–537.
Snyder, M. (1987). Public appearances, private realities: The
psychology of self-monitoring.New York: Freeman.
Snyder, M., & Simpson, J. (1984). Self-monitoring and dating
relationships.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 47,
1281–1291.
Snyder, M., & Swann, W. B. (1976). When actions reflect attitudes:
The politics of impression management. Journal of Personality
and Social Psychology, 34,1034–1042.
Snyder, M., & Swann, W. B. (1978). Behavioral confirmation in
social interaction: From social perception to social reality. Jour-
nal of Experimental Social Psychology, 14,148–162.
Snyder, M., Tanke, E. D., & Berscheid, E. (1977). Social perception
and interpersonal behavior: On the self-fulfilling nature of social
stereotypes.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 35,
656–666.
Stewart, A. J., & Healy, J. M. (1989). Linking individual develop-
ment and social changes. American Psychologist, 44,30–42.
Strauss, W., & Howe, N. (1991). Generations: The history of
America’s future, 1584 to 2069. New York: Morrow.
Swann, W. B. (1996). Self-traps: The elusive quest for higher self-
esteem.New York: Freeman.
Swann, W. B., Hixon, J. G., & De La Ronde, C. (1992). Embracing
the bitter “truth”: Negative self-concepts and marital commit-
ment.Psychological Science, 3,118–121.
Swann, W. B., & Predmore, S. C. (1985). Intimates as agents of
social support: Sources of consolation or despair? Journal of
Personality and Social Psychology, 49,1609–1617.
Sykes, C. J. (1995). Dumbing down our kids: Why American
children feel good about themselves but can’t read, write, or add.
New York: St. Martin’s Griffin.
Tajfel, H. (1982). Social psychology of intergroup relations. Annual
Review of Psychology, 33,1–59.
Tajfel, H., & Turner, J. C. (1979). An integrative theory of
intergroup conflict. In S. Worchel & W. Austin (Eds),Psychol-
ogy of intergroup relations (2nd ed., pp. 7–24). Chicago:
Nelson-Hall.
Tangney, J. P. (1992). Situational determinants of shame and guilt in
young adulthood. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin,
18,199–206.
Tangney, J. P. (1995). Shame and guilt in interpersonal relation-
ships. In J. Tangney & K. Fischer (Eds.), The self-conscious
emotions(pp. 114–139). New York: Guilford.
Tangney, J. P., Burggraf, S. A., & Wagner, P. E. (1995). Shame-
proneness, guilt-proneness, and psychological symptoms. In
J. Tangney & K. Fischer (Eds.), The self-conscious emotions
(pp. 343–367). New York: Guilford.
Tangney, J. P., & Fischer, K. W. (Eds.), (1995). The self-conscious
emotions: The psychology of shame, guilt, embarrassment, and
pride.New York: Guilford.
Tangney, J. P., Wagner, P. E., Fletcher, C., & Gramzow, R. (1992).
Shamed into anger? The relation of shame and guilt to anger and
self-reported aggression. Journal of Personality and Social
Psychology, 62,669–675.
Taylor, S. E., & Brown, J. D. (1988). Illusion and well-being: A
social psychological perspective on mental health. Psychologi-
cal Bulletin, 103,193–210.
Tesch, S. A., & Whitbourne, S. K. (1982). Intimacy and identity
status in young adults. Journal of Personality and Social Psy-
chology, 43,1041–1051.
Tesser, A. (1988). Toward a self-evaluation maintenance model of
social behavior. In L. Berkowitz (Ed.), Advances in experimental
social psychology: Vol. 21.(pp. 181–227). San Diego, CA:
Academic Press.
Tesser, A. (1993). The importance of heritability in psychological
research: The case of attitudes. Psychological Review, 100,
129–142.
Tesser, A., & Smith, J. (1980). Some effects of friendship and task
relevance on helping: You don’t always help the one you like.
Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 16,582–590.
Tice, D. M., Butler, J. L., Muraven, M. B., & Stillwell, A. M. (1995).
When modesty prevails: Differential favorability of self-
presentation to friends and strangers. Journal of Personality and
Social Psychology, 69,1120–1138.
Triandis, H. C. (1989). The self and social behavior in differing cul-
tural contexts. Psychological Review, 96,506–520.
Turner, J. C. (1982). Towards a cognitive redefinition of the social
group. In H. Tajfel (Ed.), Social identity and intergroup relations
(pp. 15–40). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Twenge, J. M. (2000). The age of anxiety? Birth cohort change in
anxiety and neuroticism, 1952–1993. Journal of Personality and
Social Psychology, 79,1007–1021.
Twenge, J. M. (2001a). Birth cohort changes in extraversion: A
cross-temporal meta-analysis, 1966–1993. Personality and Indi-
vidual Differences, 30,735–748.