References 373a variable has an impact on attitudes. More research is needed
on the multiple ways in which variables can influence atti-
tudes in different situations. Second, one of the most exciting
new domains of inquiry is the interplay between explicit and
implicit attitudes. For example, what is the best way to con-
ceptualize and assess implicit attitudes? Under what condi-
tions are implicit and explicit attitudes likely to guide action?
Are some attitude change processes more likely to influence
implicit attitudes, whereas others are more likely to change
explicit attitudes? Work on the topic of implicit attitudes is in
its infancy, but the next decade promises to provide more de-
finitive answers to these and other questions.REFERENCESAjzen, I., & Fishbein, M. (1977). Attitude-behavior relations: A the-
oretical analysis and review of empirical research. Psychological
Bulletin, 84,888–918.
Albarracín, D. (in press). Cognition in persuasion: An analysis of in-
formation processing in response to persuasive communications.
In M. P. Zanna (Ed.), Advances in experimental social psychol-
ogy.New York: Academic.
Albarracín, D., & Wyer, R. S. (2001). Elaborative and nonelabora-
tive processing of a behavior-related communication. Personal-
ity and Social Psychology Bulletin, 27,691–705.
Anderson, N. H. (1971). Integration theory and attitude change.
Psychological Review, 78,171–206.
Anderson, N. H., & Hubert, S. (1963). Effects of concomitant verbal
recall on order effects in personality impression formation. Jour-
nal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior, 2,379–391.
Andreoli, V., & Worchel, S. (1978). Effects of media, communica-
tor, and message position on attitude change. Public Opinion
Quarterly, 42,59–70.
Argyle, M., & Dean, J. (1965). Eye-contact, distance and affiliation.
Sociometry, 28,289–304.
Arkes, H. R., Boehm, L. E., & Xu, G. (1991). Determinants of
judged validity. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 27,
576–605.
Aronson, E. (1969). The theory of cognitive dissonance: A current
perspective. In L. Berkowitz (Ed.), Advances in experimental so-
cial psychology(Vol. 4, pp. 1–34). San Diego, CA: Academic.
Aronson, E. (1992). The return of the repressed: Dissonance theory
makes a comeback. Psychological Inquiry, 3,303–311.
Aronson, E. (1999). Dissonance, hypocrisy, and the self-concept. In
E. Harmon-Jones & J. Mills (Eds.), Cognitive dissonance:
Progress on a pivotal theory in social psychology(pp. 103–126).
Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
Aronson, E., & Mills, J. (1959). The effects of severity of initiation
on liking for a group. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychol-
ogy, 59,177–181.Bagozzi, R. P. (1985). Expectancy-value attitude models: An analy-
sis of critical theoretical issues. International Journal of Re-
search in Marketing, 2,43–60.
Banaji, M. R., & Greenwald, A. G. (1995). Implicit gender stereo-
typing in judgments of fame. Journal of Personality and Social
Psychology, 68,181–198.
Bargh, J. A., Chaiken, S., Govender, R., & Pratto, F. (1992). The
generality of the automatic attitude activation effect. Journal of
Personality and Social Psychology, 62,893–912.
Bargh, J. A., Chaiken, S., Raymond, P., & Hymes, C. (1996). The
automatic evaluation effect: Unconditional automatic attitude
activation with a pronunciation task. Journal of Experimental
Social Psychology, 31,104–128.
Bargh, J. A., & Thein, R. D. (1985). Individual construct accessibil-
ity, person memory, and the recall-judgment link: The case of
information overload. Journal of Personality and Social Psy-
chology, 49,1129–1146.
Bassili, J. N. (1995). Response latency and the accessibility of
voting intentions: What contributes to accessibility and how it
affects vote choice. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin,
21,686–695.
Baumeister, R. F., & Tice, D. M. (1984). Role of self-presentation
and choice in cognitive dissonance under forced compliance:
Necessary or sufficient causes? Journal of Personality and
Social Psychology, 46,5–13.
Beauvois, J. L., Bungert, M., & Mariette, P. (1995). Forced compli-
ance: Commitment to compliance and commitment to activity.
European Journal of Social Psychology, 25,17–26.
Bem, D. J. (1965). An experimental analysis of self-persuasion.
Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 1,199–218.
Bem, D. J. (1972). Self-perception theory. In L. Berkowitz (Ed.),
Advances in experimental social psychology(Vol. 6, pp. 1–62).
New York: Academic.
Betsch, T., Plessner, H., Schwieren, C., & Gütig, R. (2001). I like it
but I don’t know why: A value-account approach to implicit atti-
tude formation. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 27,
242–253.
Blanton, H., Cooper, J., Skurnik, I., & Aronson, J. (1997). When bad
things happen to good feedback: Exacerbating the need for
self-justification with self-affirmations. Personality and Social
Psychology Bulletin, 23,684–692.
Bless, H., Bohner, G., Schwarz, N., & Strack, F. (1990). Mood and
persuasion: A cognitive response analysis. Personality and So-
cial Psychology Bulletin, 16,331–345.
Bodenhausen, G. V., & Lichtenstein, M. (1987). Social stereotypes
and information-processing strategies: The impact of task com-
plexity. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 52,
871–880.
Bornstein, R. F. (1989). Exposure and affect: Overview and meta-
analysis of research, 1968–1987. Psychological Bulletin, 106,
265–289.mill_ch15.qxd 10/1/02 10:04 AM Page 373