Finally, I must mention Psychologia, a journal in English started and initially edited
by Kǀji Satǀ as a medium for international communication between Eastern and
Western psychologies. Many important articles relevant to our subject matter were
published in this journal in the late 1950s and the 1960s. Satǀ arranged a series of
special editions entitled ‘Psychotherapy: East and West’ with the themes of
psychology and Zen (1959), the unconscious (1960), and the self (1961).
ConclusionWe have so far sketched the history of the relationship between Buddhism and
Western psychology in Japan. In concluding my article, we must be careful not to
contrast them too schematically, as early modern Japanese Buddhist psychologists
did. Buddhism is also concerned with empirical problems and has its own theory of
causality, as we see in Yogacara psychology. Western psychology, too, is full of insights
into the nature of human life and death that have been cultivated in the Western
traditions and religions. So it would be misleading to simply combine Western science
and technology with Eastern spirituality. Rather, what seems to be needed is a
combination of spiritual approaches, each of which involves a psychological
dimension as well. This may be developing already in transpersonal psychology, as
well as Buddhist psychology (psychological Buddhism), as we witness the coming
together of the East and the West in understanding their shared interests in
psychology and spiritual development.
References and further readingChiba, T. (1956) Muisihiki no Shinrigaku, Tokyo: Kawade-shobo.
Daito Shuppansha (1991) Japanese-English Buddhist Dictionary, revised edition, Tokyo: Daito
Shuppansha.
Dampada (1993), trans. Thomas Byron, Shambala.
Fromm, E., Suzuki, D.T. and De Martino, R. (1968) Zen Buddhism and Psychoanalysis, New
York: Colophon Books.
Fujita, K. (1975) ‘Bukkyo Kaunseringu’, in Kǀza Bukkyǀ-Shisǀ, Vol. 3: Rnrigaku Kyǀi-kugaku,
Risosha.
Hirai, T. (1960) ‘Zazen no Nǀhateki Kenkynj, Seisinn Shikeigaku Zasshi 62:76–105.
Iritani, C. (1920) Zen no Shinriteki Kenkynj, Shinrigaku Kenkyukai.
Inoue, E. (1887) Shinri Tekiyǀ’, Tetsugaku Shoin.
Inoue, E. (1894) Tǀyǀ Shinrigaku, Tokyo: Tetsugaku Shoin.
Inoue, E. (1896) Yǀkaigaku Kǀgi, Tokyo: Tetsugaku-kan.
Inoue, E. (1897) Bukkyǀ Shinrigaku, Tokyo: Tetsugaku-kan.
Inoue, E. (1902) Zenshnj no Shinri, Tokyo: Tetsugaku-kan.
Inoue, E. (1904) Shinri-ryoho, Tokyo: Nanko-do.
Kuroda, R. (1933) Kan no Kenkynj, Tokyo: Iwanami-shoten.
Kuroda, R. (1938) Zoku Kan no Kenkynj: Tokyo: Iwanami-shoten.
Molino, A (1998) The Couch and the Tree: Dialogues in Buddhism and Psychoanalysis, New
York: North Point Press.
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