NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC SOCIETY
The National Geographic Society is a
global nonprofit organization that uses
the power of science, exploration, edu-
cation, and storytelling to illuminate and
protect the wonder of our world. Since
1888, National Geographic has pushed
the boundaries of exploration, investing
in bold people and transformative ideas,
providing more than 15,000 grants for work
across all seven continents.CHIEF EXECUTIVE OFFICER
Dr. Jill Tiefenthaler
SENIOR MANAGEMENT
PRESIDENT AND CHIEF OPERATING OFFICER
Michael L. Ulica
CHIEF DIVERSITY, EQUITY, AND INCLUSION OFFICER
Shannon P. Bartlett
CHIEF COMMUNICATIONS OFFICER Crystal Brown
CHIEF HUMAN RESOURCES OFFICER Mara Dell
CHIEF SCIENCE AND INNOVATION OFFICER Ian Miller
CHIEF EXPLORER ENGAGEMENT OFFICER Alex Moen
CHIEF ADVANCEMENT OFFICER Kara Ramirez Mullins
CHIEF EDUCATION OFFICER Vicki Phillips
CHIEF LEGAL OFFICER Sumeet Seam
CHIEF TECHNOLOGY & INFORMATION OFFICER
Jason Southern
CHIEF OF STAFF Kim Waldron
CHIEF STORYTELLING OFFICER Kaitlin Yarnall
CHIEF FINANCIAL OFFICER Rob Young
BOARD OF TRUSTEES
CHAIRMAN Jean M. Case
VICE CHAIRMAN Katherine Bradley
Brendan P. Bechtel, Afsaneh Beschloss,
Ángel Cabrera, Elizabeth Comstock,
Joseph M. DeSimone, Alexandra Grosvenor
Eller, Kevin J. Maroni, Strive Masiyiwa, Mark C.
Moore, George Muñoz, Nancy E. Pfund, Lyndon
Rive, Frederick J. Ryan, Jr., Rajiv Shah, Ellen R.
Stofan, Jill Tiefenthaler, Anthony A. Williams
EXPLORER IN RESIDENCE
Enric Sala
EXPLORERS AT LARGE
Robert Ballard, Lee R. Berger, James Cameron,
Sylvia Earle, J. Michael Fay, Beverly Joubert,
Dereck Joubert, Louise Leakey, Meave Leakey,
Thomas Lovejoy, Rodrigo MedellínNATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC PARTNERS
SENIOR MANAGEMENT
VICE PRESIDENT, HUMAN RESOURCES Luca Citterio
EDITORIAL DIRECTOR Susan Goldberg
VICE PRESIDENT, INTEGRATED COMMUNICATIONS &
BRAND MANAGEMENT Jill Lesser
GENERAL MANAGER, NG MEDIA David E. Miller
DEPUTY CHIEF COUNSEL Evelyn T. Miller
PRESIDENT, GLOBAL TELEVISION NETWORKS
Courteney Monroe
HEAD OF TRAVEL AND TOUR OPERATIONS
Nancy Schumacher
CHIEF FINANCIAL OFFICER Akilesh Sridharan
BOARD OF DIRECTORS
Jean M. Case, Rebecca Campbell, Josh D’Amaro,
Kareem Daniel, Nancy Lee, Kevin J. Maroni,
Peter Rice, Frederick J. Ryan, Jr., Jill Tiefenthaler,
Michael L. UlicaEDITOR IN CHIEF Susan Goldberg
EXECUTIVE EDITOR/HISTORY & CULTURE
Debra Adams Simmons
MANAGING EDITOR/MAGAZINES David Brindley
DIRECTOR/VISUALS & IMMERSIVE EXPERIENCES
Whitney Johnson
SENIOR EXECUTIVE EDITOR/NEWS & FEATURES
Indira Lakshmanan
MANAGING EDITOR/DIGITAL Alissa Swango
MANAGING EDITOR/INTEGRATED STORYTELLING
Michael Tribble
NEWS/FEATURES
EXECUTIVE EDITOR/LONG FORM David Lindsey
EXECUTIVE EDITOR/SHORT FORM Patricia Edmonds
DEPUTY MANAGING EDITOR/SHORT FORM Brooke Sabin
EDITORS AT LARGE Peter Gwin, John Hoeffel
CONTRIBUTING WRITERS Yudhijit Bhattacharjee,
Heather Greenwood Davis, Nadia Drake,
Robert Draper, Cynthia Gorney
EXECUTIVE ASSISTANT Gretchen Ortega
EDITORIAL PROJECT MANAGER Nia Cheney
ANIMALS
EXECUTIVE EDITOR Rachael Bale
ASSISTANT MANAGING EDITOR Christine Dell’Amore
SENIOR EDITOR Oliver Payne
SENIOR WRITER/EDITOR Douglas Main
WRITER/EDITOR Natasha Daly
WILDLIFE WATCH REPORTERS Dina Fine Maron,
Rachel Fobar
ENVIRONMENT
EXECUTIVE EDITOR Robert Kunzig
SENIOR EDITOR Lori Cuthbert
SENIOR WRITER/EDITOR Laura Parker
SENIOR WRITER Craig Welch
WRITERS Alejandra Borunda, Sarah Gibbens
HISTORY & CULTURE
DEPUTY MANAGING EDITOR Nancy San Martín
SENIOR EDITOR Glenn Oeland
SENIOR ARCHAEOLOGY WRITER/EDITOR Kristin Romey
SENIOR WRITER/EDITOR Rachel Hartigan
WRITER Nina Strochlic
HISTORY RESIDENT Tucker C. Toole
SCIENCE
EXECUTIVE EDITOR Victoria Jaggard
SENIOR EDITORS Jay Bennett, Bijal P. Trivedi
WRITERS Michael Greshko, Maya Wei-Haas
TRAVEL
EXECUTIVE EDITOR George W. Stone
ASSISTANT MANAGING EDITOR Amy Alipio
SENIOR EDITORS Jennifer Barger, Anne Kim-Dannibale
EDITOR Allie Yang
ASSOCIATE EDITOR Starlight Williams
COPY DESK
DEPUTY MANAGING EDITOR Amy Kolczak
SENIOR COPY EDITOR Cindy Leitner
COPY EDITORS Caroline Braun, Jennifer Vilaga
RESEARCH
DIRECTOR Alice S. Jones
RESEARCHERS Elizabeth S. Atalay, Taryn L. Salinas,
Heidi Schultz, Brad Scriber
PHOTOGRAPHY
DEPUTY DIRECTOR Sadie Quarrier
EDITOR AT LARGE Kurt Mutchler
ANIMALS
ASSISTANT MANAGING EDITOR Alexa Keefe
PHOTO EDITOR Kaya Berne
ASSOCIATE PHOTO EDITOR Vi Nguyen
ENVIRONMENT
ASSISTANT MANAGING EDITOR Anne Farrar
PHOTO EDITOR Dominique Hildebrand
HISTORY & CULTURE
ASSISTANT MANAGING EDITOR James Wellford
SENIOR PHOTO EDITOR David M. Barreda
PHOTO EDITORS Mallory Benedict, Jennifer Samuel
SCIENCE
SENIOR PHOTO EDITOR Todd James
PHOTO EDITOR Samantha Clark
TRAVEL
PHOTO EDITOR Maura Friedman
PHOTO EDITOR/SHORT FORM Julie Hau
SENIOR PHOTOGRAPHY SPECIALIST Elena Sheveiko
PHOTO COORDINATORS Ian Morton, Maya Valentine
STAFF PHOTOGRAPHERS Becky Hale, Mark Thiessen
PHOTO ENGINEER Tom O’Brien
ENGINEERING COORDINATOR Keegan Barber
SPECIAL PROJECTS MANAGER Alexandra Moreo
PHOTOGRAPHY RESIDENTS Amr Alfiky, Bunni Elian
CARTOGRAPHY
DIRECTOR Martin Gamache
SENIOR MANAGER/CARTOGRAPHIC DATABASES
Ted Sickley
GIS MANAGER Yanli Gong
SENIOR EDITORS Riley D. Champine,
Matthew W. Chwastyk, Christine Fellenz
EDITOR Rosemary P. Wardley
SENIOR MAP EDITOR Scott Zillmer
RESEARCH EDITOR Patricia Healy
INFOGRAPHICS
DIRECTOR John Tomanio
SENIOR ARTISTS Fernando G. Baptista, Alberto
Lucas López
SENIOR EDITORS Manuel Canales, Monica Serrano,
Jason Treat
ASSOCIATE MANAGER/PRODUCTION Diana Marques
ASSOCIATE EDITORS Katie Armstrong, Taylor
Maggiacomo, Christina Shintani, Soren Walljasper
INTERACTIVE STORYTELLING
DIRECTOR Kennedy Elliott
SENIOR EDITORS Brian T. Jacobs, Ryan Morris
EDITOR Oscar Santamariña
SENIOR EDITOR/SHORT FORM Eve Conant
DESIGN
DIRECTOR Marianne Seregi
SENIOR EDITORS Elaine Bradley, Tim Parks,
Hannah Tak, Hilary VanWright
PRODUCTION LEADS Sandi Owatverot,
Nicole Thompson
CONTRIBUTING DESIGNER T.J. Tucker
DESIGN RESIDENT Nina Wescott
IMMERSIVE STORYTELLING
DEPUTY DIRECTOR Kaitlyn Mullin
SENIOR MANAGER Jennifer Murphy
SENIOR EDITOR Dan Steinmetz
SENIOR PRODUCERS Cosima Amelang, Zach
Baumgartner
PRODUCERS/EDITORS Rebekah Barlas, Tiffany
D’Emidio, Shweta Gulati, Veda Shastri
ASSOCIATE PRODUCER Milaena Hamilton
PODCASTS
EXECUTIVE PRODUCER Davar Ardalan
SENIOR PRODUCER Carla Wills
SENIOR EDITOR Eli Chen
HOSTS Amy Briggs, Peter Gwin
PRODUCERS Brian Gutierrez, Jacob Pinter,
Ilana Strauss
SOCIAL MEDIA & AUDIENCE
DEVELOPMENT
VICE PRESIDENT Chris Thorman
DIRECTOR/INSTAGRAM Josh Raab
SENIOR MANAGER/AUDIO Sarah Polger
MANAGERS Becky Davis, Sarah Gardner,
Vanina Harel
SENIOR PRODUCER Lena Shareef
PRODUCER Nathan Strauss
ASSOCIATE PRODUCER Delaney Gordon
SPECIALIST Danny Kerry
COORDINATOR Sid Dawson
NEWSLETTERS
EXECUTIVE EDITOR David Beard
SENIOR PHOTO EDITOR Jen Tse
WRITER/EDITOR Monica Williams
ASSOCIATE PHOTO EDITOR Heather Kim
MULTIPLATFORM PUBLISHING
DIRECTOR Janey Adams
MANAGER Francis Rivera
SENIOR WRITER/EDITOR Amy McKeever
PRODUCERS Emily Martin, Kimberly Pecoraro
ASSOCIATE PRODUCER Sylvia Mphofe
PRODUCTION SERVICES
DIRECTOR/ADMIN Bill Reicherts
PRODUCTION MANAGER Mike Lappin
IMAGING MANAGER John Chow
INTERNATIONAL EDITIONS
SENIOR EDITOR/DESIGN Darren Smith
TRANSLATION MANAGER Beata Nas
INTERNATIONAL EDITOR Leigh Mitnick