Even if the movement had been arrested in one place, it would have broken out in another; indeed,
it had already begun independently in Switzerland. Luther was no more his own master, but the
organ of a higher power. "Man proposes, God disposes."
Before the controversy could be settled by a German bishop, it was revived, not without a
violation of promise on both sides,^211 in the disputation held in the large hall of the Castle of
Pleissenburg at Leipzig, under the sanction of Duke George of Saxony, between Eck, Carlstadt,
and Luther, on the doctrines of the papal primacy, free-will, good works, purgatory, and indulgences.
It was one of the great intellectual battles; it lasted nearly three weeks, and excited universal attention
in that deeply religious and theological age. The vital doctrines of salvation were at stake. The
debate was in Latin, but Luther broke out occasionally in his more vigorous German.
The disputation began with the solemnities of a mass, a procession, an oration of Peter
Mosellanus, De ratione disputandi, and the singing of Veni, Creator Spiritus. It ended with a
eulogistic oration by the Leipzig professor John Lange, and the Te Deum.
The first act was the disputation between Eck and Carlstadt, on the freedom of the human
will, which the former maintained, and the latter denied. The second and more important act began
July 4, between Eck and Luther, chiefly on the subject of the papacy.
Dr. Eck (Johann Mair), professor of theology at Ingolstadt in Bavaria, was the champion
of Romanism, a man of great learning, well-stored memory, dialectical skill, ready speech, and
stentorian voice, but overconfident, conceited, and boisterous. He looked more like a butcher or
soldier than a theologian. Many regarded him as a mere charlatan, and expressed their contempt
for his audacity and vanity by the nicknames Keck (pert) and Geck (fop), which date from this
dispute.^212
Carlstadt (Andreas von Bodenstein), Luther’s impetuous and ill-balanced friend and
colleague, was an unfortunate debater.^213 He had a poor memory, depended on his notes, got
embarrassed and confused, and furnished an easy victory to Eck. It was ominous, that, on entering
Leipzig, his wagon broke down, and he fell into the mud.
Luther was inferior to Eck in historical learning and flowing Latinity, but surpassed him in
knowledge of the Bible, independent judgment, originality, and depth of thought, and had the law
of progress on his side. While Eck looked to the fathers, Luther went back to the grandfathers; he
ascended from the stream of church history to the fountain of God’s Word; yet from the normative
beginning of the apostolic age he looked hopefully into the future. Though pale and emaciated, he
was cheerful, wore a little silver ring, and carried a bunch of flowers in his hand. Peter Mosellanus,
a famous Latinist, who presided over the disputation, thus describes his personal appearance at that
time:^214 —
(^211) Eck was the chief originator of the disputation, and not Luther (as Janssen endeavors to show). Seidemann, who gives a full and
authentic account of the preliminary correspondence, says (p. 21): "Es ist entschieden, dass Eck die Disputation antrug, und zwar zunächst
nur mit Karlstadt. Aber auch Luther’s Absehen war auf eine Disputation gerichtet."
(^212) As he complained twenty years later: see Seidemann, p. 80.
(^213) Luther calls him an infelicissimus disputator.
(^214) In a letter to Julius Pflug, a young Saxon nobleman. Mosellanus describes also Carlstadt and Eck, and the whole disputation. See
Löscher, III. 242-251 (especially p. 247); Walch, XV. 1422; Seidemann, 51 and 56. I find the description also in an appendix to
Melanchthon’s Vita Lutheri, Göttingen, 1741, pp. 32-44.