eucharistic controversy which so seriously interfered with the peace and harmony of the Reformers.
He also sympathized with the Anabaptists.^490 Luther after long forbearance gave him up as
incorrigible.^491 With his consent, Carlstadt was exiled from Saxony (1524), but allowed to return
on a sort of revocation, and on condition of keeping silence (1525). He evaded another expulsion
by flight (1528). He wandered about in Germany in great poverty, made common cause with the
Zwinglians, gave up some of his extravagant notions, sobered down, and found a resting-place first
as pastor in Zürich, and then as professor of theology in Basel (1534–1541), where during the raging
of a pestilence he finished his erratic career.
§ 69. The Diets of Nürnberg, a.d. 1522–1524. Adrian VI.
I. Walch, XV. 2504 sqq. Ranke, vol. II. pp. 27–46, 70–100, 244–262. J. Janssen, Vol. II. 256 sqq.,
315 sqq. Köstlin, I. 622 sqq.
II. On Adrian VI. Gachard: Correspondance de Charles Quint et d’Adrian VI. Brux., 1859. Moring:
Vita Adriani VI., 1536. Burmann: Hadrianus VI., sive Analecta Historica de Hadr. VI. Trajecti
1727 (includes Moring). Ranke: Die röm. Päpste in den letzten vier Jarhh., I., 59–64 (8th ed.
1885). C. Höfler (Rom. Cath.): Wahl und Thronbesteigung des letzten deutschen Papstes, Adrian
VI. Wien, 1872; and Der deutsche Kaiser und der letzte deutsche Papst, Carl V. und Adrian
VI. Wien, 1876. Fr. Nippold: Die Reformbestrebungen Papst Hadrian VI., und die Ursachen
ihres Scheiterns. Leipzig, 1875. H. Bauer: Hadrian VI. Heidelb., 1876. Maurenbrecher: Gesch.
der kathol. Reformation, I. 202–225. Nördlingen, 1880. See also the Lit. on Charles V., § 50
(p. 262 sqq.).
We must now turn our attention to the political situation, and the attitude of the German Diet
to the church question.
The growing sympathies of the German nation with the Reformation and the political
troubles made the execution of the papal bull and the Edict of Worms against Luther more and
more impossible. The Emperor was absent in Spain, and fully occupied with the suppression of an
insurrection, the conquest of Mexico by Cortez, and the war with France. Germany was threatened
by the approach of the Turks, who had conquered Belgrad and the greater part of Hungary. The
dangers of the nation were overruled for the progress of Protestantism.
An important change took place in the papacy. Leo X. died Dec. 1, 1521; and Adrian VI.
(1459–1523) was unexpectedly elected in his absence, perhaps by the indirect influence of the
Emperor, his former pupil. The cardinals hardly knew what they did, and hoped he might decline.
Adrian formed, by his moral earnestness and monastic piety, a striking contrast to the
frivolity and worldliness of his predecessors. He was a Dutchman, born at Utrecht, a learned
professor of theology in Louvain, then administrator and inquisitor of Spain, and a man of
(^490) Nevertheless, in 1526 he invited Luther and his wife, Melanchthon and Jonas, as sponsors at the baptism of a new-born son in the
village of Segren near Wittenberg. He lived after his return from exile in very humble circumstances, barely making a living from the
sale of cakes and beer.
(^491) His writings against Carlstadt, in Walch, X., XV., and XX., and in Erl. ed., LXIV. 384-408. His book Wider die himmlischen
Propheten (1525) is chiefly directed against Carlstadt. In the Table Talk (Erl. ed., LXI. 911 he calls Carlstadt and Münzer incarnate devils.