baptized by immersion. Rhegius stirred up the magistrate against them: the leaders were imprisoned,
and some executed.^766
The confusion and strife among the Protestants strengthened the Roman party. The people
did not know what to believe, and the magistrate hesitated. The moral condition of the city, as
described by Rhegius, Musculus, and other preachers, was deplorable, and worse than under the
papal rule. During the Diet of Augsburg in 1530, the Emperor prohibited all Protestant preaching
in public: the magistrate made no objection, and dismissed the preachers. But the Augsburg
Confession left a permanent impression on the place.
The South-German cities of Constance, Memmingen, and Lindau were, like Augsburg,
influenced by Zwingli as well as Luther, and united with Strassburg in the Tetrapolitan Confession,
which Bucer and Capito prepared in great haste during the Diet of Augsburg as a document of
union between the two wings of Protestantism. It failed to meet the approval of the Diet, and was,
like Zwingli’s Confession, not even allowed to be read; but Bucer adhered to it to the end.
The most important and permanent conquest which the Reformation made in South Germany
was that of the duchy (now kingdom) of Württemberg under Duke Ulrich, through the labors of
Brenz, Blaurer, and Schnepf, after 1534. The University of Tübingen (founded 1477) became one
of the most fruitful nurseries of Protestant theology, in all its phases, from the strictest orthodoxy
to the most radical criticism.^767
§ 98. The Reformation in Hesse, and the Synod of Homberg. Philip of Hesse, and Lambert of
Avignon.
I. Lambertus Avenionensis: Paradoxa quae Fr. L. A. apud sanctam Hessorum Synodum Hombergi
congregatam pro Ecclesiarum Reformatione e Dei Verbo disputanda et definienda proposuit,
Erphordiae, 1527. (Reprinted in Sculteti Annales, p. 68; in Hardt, Hist. Lit. Ref. V. 98; an extract
in Henke’s N. Kirchengesch., I. 101 sqq.) N. L. Richter: Die Kirchenordnungen des 16ten
Jahrh., Weimar, 1846, vol. I. 56–69 (the Homberg Constitution). C. A. Credner: Philipp des
Grossmüthigen hessische Kirchenreformations-Ordnung. Aus schriftlichen Quellen
herausgegeben, übersetzt, und mit Rücksicht auf die Gegenwart bevorwortet, Giessen, 1852
(123 pp.)
II. F. W. Hassencamp: Hessische Kirchengesch. seit dem Zeitalter der Reformation, Marburg, 1852
and 1855. W. Kolbe: Die Einführung der Reformation in Marburg, Marburg, 1871. H. L. J.
Heppe: Kirchengesch. beider Hessen, Marburg, 1876. (He wrote several other works on the
church history of Hesse and of the Reformation generally, in the interest of Melanchthonianism
and of the Reformed Church.) E, L. Henke: Neuere Kirchengesch. (ed. by Gass, Halle, 1874),
I. 98–109. Mejer: Homberger Synode, in Herzog2, VI. 268 sqq. Köstlin: M. L., II. 48 sqq.
III. Works on Philip of Hesse by Rommel (Philipp der Grossmüthige, Landgraf von Hessen, Giessen,
1830, 3 vols.), and Wille (Philipp der Grossmüthige und die Restitution Herzog Ulrichs von
Würtemberg, Tübingen, 1882). Max Lenz: Zwingli und Landgraf Philip, in Brieger’s "Zeitschrift
(^766) See the description of the congregation of the "Apostolic Brethren," as the Anabaptists called themselves, in Ludwig Keller, Ein
Apostel der Wiedertäufer (i.e., Hans Denck), Leipzig, 1882, ch. VI. 94-119.
(^767) Römer, Kirchliche Geschichte Württembergs, Stuttg. 1848. Keim, Schwäbische Reformationsgeschichte. Tübingen, 1855. Schneider,
Württemb. Reformationsgesch. Stuttgart, 1887.