Testing and Falsifying the Janzen–Connell Hypothesis 239
Hammond,D.S.,Brown,V.K.,andZagt,R.(1999)Spatial
andtemporalpatternsof seedattackandgermination.
Oecologia119, 208–218.
Harms, K.E., Wright, S.J., Calderon, O.et al. (2000)
Pervasive density-dependent recruitment enhances
seedlin gdiversity in a tropical forest.Nature404,
493–495.
HilleRisLambers, J., Clark, J.S., and Beckage, B. (2002)
Density-dependent mortality and the latitudinal gra-
dient in species diversity.Nature417, 732–735.
Hood, L.A., Swaine, M.D., and Mason, P.A. (2004)
The influence of spatial patterns of damping-off dis-
ease and arbuscular mycorrhizal colonization on tree
seedlin gestablishment in Ghanaian tropical forest
soil.Journal of Ecology92, 816–823.
Horsley, S.B., Stout, S.L., and de Calesta, D.S. (2003)
White-tailed deer impact on the vegetation dynamics
of a northern hardwood forest.Ecological Applications
13, 98–118.
Houle,G.(1998)Seeddispersalandseedlingrecruitment
ofBetula alleghaniensis: spatial inconsistency in time.
Ecology79, 807–818.
Hubbell, S.P. (1980) Seed predation and the coexis-
tence of tree species in tropical forests.Oikos35,
214–229.
Hubbell, S.P., Ahumada, J.A., Condit, R.et al. (2001)
Local neighborhood effects on long-term survival of
individual trees in a Neotropical forest.Ecological
Research16, 859–875.
Hubbell, S.P., Condit, R., Foster, R.B.et al.(1990) Pres-
ence and absence of density dependence in a Neotrop-
ical tree community [and discussion].Philosophical
Transactions: Biological Sciences330, 269–281.
Hulme, P.E. (1997) Post-dispersal seed predation
and the establishment of vertebrate dispersed
plants in Mediterranean scrublands.Oecologia111,
91–98.
Hyatt, L.A., Rosenberg, M.S., Howard, T.G.et al.(2003)
The distance dependence prediction of the Janzen–
Connell hypothesis: a meta-analysis.Oikos 103,
590–602.
Janzen, D. (1970) Herbivores and the number of tree
species in tropical forests.American Naturalist104,
501–528.
Janzen, D.H. (1981) Patterns of herbivory in a tropical
deciduous forest.Biotropica13, 271–282.
John, R., Dattaraja, H.S., Suresh, H.S. (2002) Density-
dependence in common tree species in a tropical
dry forest in Mudumalai, southern India.Journal of
Vegetation Science13, 45–56.
Kursar, T.A. and Coley, P.D. (1999) Contrastin gmodes
of light acclimation in two species of the rainforest
understory.Oecologia121, 489–498.
Leigh, E.G. Jr (1999)Tropical Forest Ecology: a View
from Barro Colorado Island.Oxford University Press,
NewYork.
Leigh, E.G. Jr, Davidar, P., Dick, C.W.et al. (2004) Why
do some tropical forests have so many species of trees?
Biotropica36, 447–473.
Long, Z.T., Mohler, C.L., and Carson, W.P. (2003) Extend-
in gthe resource concentration hypothesis to plant
communities: effects of litter and herbivores.Ecology
84(3), 652–665.
Long, Z.T., Pendergast, T.H., and Carson, W.P. (2007)
The impact of deer on relationships between tree
growth and mortality in an old-growth beech-
maple forest. Forest Ecology Management 252,
230–238.
Lowman, M.D. (1997) Herbivory in forests – from cen-
timeters to megameters. In A.D. Watt, N.E. Stork, and
M.D. Hunter (eds),Forests and Insects. Chapman and
Hall, NewYork, pp. 135–149.
MacArthur, R.H. (1972)Geographical Ecology. Harper &
Row, NewYork.
Massey, F.P., Massey, K., Press, M.C.et al. (2006) Neigh-
bourhood composition determines growth, archi-
tecture and herbivory in tropical rain forest tree
seedlings.Journal of Ecology94, 646–655.
Montesinos, D., Garcia-Fayos, P., and Mateu, I. (2006)
Conflictin gselective forces underlyin gseed dispersal
in the endangered plantSilene diclinis.International
Journal of Plant Sciences167, 103–110.
Nair, K.S.S. (2000)Insect Pests and Diseases in Indonesian
Forests: An Assessment of the Major Threats, Research
EffortsandLiterature.Center for International Forestry
Research, Bogor, Indonesia.
Nair, K.S.S. (2001)Pest Outbreaks in Tropical Forest Plan-
tations: Is There a Greater Risk for Exotic Tree Species?
Center for International Forestry Research, Bogor,
Indonesia.
Nascimento, M.T. and Proctor, J. (1994) Insect defo-
liation of a monodominant Amazonian rainforest.
Journal of Tropical Ecology10, 633–636.
Norghauer, J.M., Malcolm, J.R., Zimmerman, B.L.
et al. (2006) An experimental test of density –
and distant-dependent recruitment of mahogany
(Swietenia macrophylla) in southeastern Amazonia.
Oecologia148, 437–446.
Novotny, V., Miller, S.E., Basset, Y.et al. (2002) Pre-
dictably simple: assemblages of caterpillars (Lepi-
doptera) feedin gon rainforest trees in Papua New
Guinea.Proceeding of the Royal Society of London
Series B269, 2377–2344.
Packer, A. and Clay, K. (2000) Soil pathogens and spa-
tial patterns of seedlin gmortality in a temperate tree.
Nature404, 278–281.