Exotic Plant Invasions in Tropical Forests 423Ewel, J.J., O’Dowd, D.J., Bergelson, J.et al.(1999)
Deliberate introductions of species: research needs.
BioScience49, 619–630.
Farji-Brener,A.G.(2001)Whyareleaf-cuttingantsmore
common in early secondary forests than in old-growth
tropical forests? An evaluation of the palatable forage
hypothesis.Oikos92, 169–177.
Farris-Lopez, K., Denslow, J.S., Moser, B., and
Passmore, H. (2004) Influence of a common palm,
Oenocarpus mapora, on seedling establishment in a
tropical moist forest in Panama.Journal of Tropical
Ecology20, 429–439.
Fensham, R.J., Fairfax, R.J., and Cannell, R.J. (1994)
The invasion ofLantana camaraL. in Forty Mile Scrub
National Park, North Queensland.Australian Journal
of Ecology19, 297–305.
Fine, P.V.A. (2002) The invasibility of tropical forests by
exotic plants. Journal of Tropical Ecology18, 687–705.
Fleischmann, K. (1997) Invasion of alien woody plants
on the islands of Mahé and Silhouette, Seychelles.
Journal of Vegetation Science8, 5–12.
Foster, R.B. and Hubbell, S.P. (1990) The floristic com-
position of the Barro Colorado Island forest. In
A.H. Gentry (ed.),Four Neotropical Rain Forests.Yale
University Press, New Haven, pp. 85–98.
Fowler, H.G., Pagani, M.I., Da Silva, D.A., Forti, L.C., da
Silva,V.P.,andVasconcelos,H.L.(1989)Apestisapest
isapest?Thedilemmaof Neotropicalleaf cuttingants:
keystone taxa of natural ecosystems.Environmental
Management13, 671–675.
Fridley, J.D., Brown, R.L., and Bruno, J.F. (2004) Null
models of exotic invasion and scale-dependent pat-
terns of native and exotic species richness.Ecology85,
3215–3222.
Gadgil, P.D. and Bain, J. (1999) Vulnerability of planted
forests to biotic and abiotic disturbances.New Forests
17, 227–238.
Gerrish, G., Stemmermann, L., and Gardner, D.E. (1992)
The distribution ofRubusspecies in the State of
Hawai’i. Cooperative National Park Resources Studies
Unit, Honolulu, Hawai‘i. No. 85.
Ghazoul, J. (2004) Alien abduction: disruption of native
plant-pollinator interactions by invasive species.
Biotropica36, 156–164.
Green, P.T., O’Dowd, D.J., and Lakes, P.S. (2004) Resis-
tance of island rainforest to invasion by alien plants:
influence of microhabitat and herbivory on seedling
performance.Biological Invasions6, 1–9.
Hammel, B. (1990) The distribution of diversity
among families, genera and habitat types in the
La Selva Flora. In A.H. Gentry (ed.),Four Neotrop-
ical Rain Forests.Yale University Press, New Haven,
pp. 75–84.
Harms, K.E., Powers, J.S., and Montgomery, R.A. (2004)
Variation in small sapling density, understory cover,
and resource availability in four Neotropical forests.
Biotropica36, 40–51.
Harms, K.E., Wright, S.J., Calderon, O., Hernández, A.,
and Herre, E.A. (2000) Pervasive density-dependent
recruitment enhances seedling diversity in a tropical
forest.Nature404, 493–495.
Herben,T.,Mandák,B.,Bímová,K.,andMünzbergová,Z.
(2004) Invasibility and species richness of a commu-
nity: a neutral model and a survey of published data.
Ecology85, 3223–3233.
Hood, L.A., Swaine, M.D., and Mason, P.A. (2004)
The influence of spatial patterns of damping-
off disease and arbuscular mycorrhizal coloniza-
tion on tree seedling establishment in Ghanaian
tropical forest and soil. Journal of Ecology 92,
816–823.
Hooper, D.U., Chapin III, F.S., Ewel, J.J.et al.(2005) Effects
of biodiversity on ecosystem functioning: a consensus
of current knowledge and needs for future research.
Ecological Monographs75, 3–35.
Horvitz, C.C., McMann, S., and Freedman, A. (1995)
Exotics and hurricane damage in three hardwood
hammocks in Dade County Parks, Florida.Journal of
Coastal Research21, 145–158.
Horvitz,C.C.,Pascarella,J.B.,McMann,S.,Freedman,A.,
and Hofstetter, R.H. (1998) Functional roles of
invasive non-indigenous plants in hurricane-affected
subtropical hardwood forests.Ecological Applications
8, 947–974.
Hubbell, S.P. (2001)The Unified Neutral Theory of Biodi-
versity and Biogeography.Princeton University Press,
Princeton, NJ.
Huenneke, L.F. and Vitousek, P.M. (1990) Seedling
and clonal recruitment of the invasive treePsid-
ium cattleianum: implications for management of
native Hawaiian forests.Biological Conservation53,
199–211.
Hughes, C.E. (1994) Risks of species introductions in
tropical forestry.Commonwealth Forestry Review73,
243–252.
Hughes, R.F. and Denslow, J.S. (2005) Invasion by an
N-fixing tree,Falcataria moluccana, alters function and
structure of wet lowland forests of Hawai’i.Ecological
Applications15, 1615–1628.
Hughes, C.E. and Styles, B.T. (1989) The benefits and
risks of woody legume introductions. In C.H. Stirton
and J.L. Zarruchi (eds),Advances in Legume Biology.
Monographs in Systematic Botany, Missouri Botanical
Garden 29, pp. 505–531.
Humphries, S.E., Groves, R.H., and Mitchell, D.S. (1991)
Part I. Plant invasions of Australian ecosystems: a