484 Francis E. Putz and Pieter A. Zuidema
frame their research in more than an ecological
context. Scientific rigor is also required in mea-
suring the conservation impacts of the realized
interventions (Ferraro and Pattanayak 2006).
Finally, if ecologists want to improve the fates
of tropical forests they first need to specify
the impact they want their research to have
(e.g., behavioural, attitudinal, or political change;
Spilsbury 2001). The next step is to select
the appropriate target audience for causing the
desired impact. Then a strategy is needed for
reaching this audience, a goal that is more likely
attained if audience members are involved in the
project from its inception (Sayer and Campbell
2004). With a clear impact chain the likelihood
of having the desired effect is increased, but the
amount of required effort should not be under-
estimated. And while work in strictly protected
nature preserves where traditional forest uses
ceased centuries ago remains useful (e.g., see most
of the other chapters in this volume), the research
most likely to have conservation impacts will be
conducted under the realistic and complex socioe-
conomic and political conditions that characterize
most of the world’s remaining tropical forests.
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