Erica Schwarz CARSON:“carson_index” — 2008/5/27 — 14:41 — page 499 — #9Index499geographic area hypothesis 4
biome area and species richness
latitudinal distribution should match 31–2
prediction not confirmed 32
effects of geographic area on speciation 33
mechanistic base 32
not been adequately tested 32
testing 34
biome boundaries differ 34
is an equilibrium hypothesis 34
lack of data on species distributions 34
geographic barriers, extrinsic effects of 32–3
geographic range size and species age 46–62
an age-and-area hypothesis for modern times
56–8
empirical test using a tropical plant genus 49–53
empirical tests of age and area 48–9
what do other tropical plant clades tell 53–6
global climatic and atmospheric change, a threat to
rainforests 447
Gonystylusspp, in CITES Appendix II 452
Gower’s index 17
gradient in time model 369 , 370–1
resource competition not considered 371
growth vs. susceptibility to drought trade-off 251
growth–survival trade-off 168 , 169–70, 169 , 173,
174
empirical link to apparent light niches 175–6
important in explaining niche position 175
habitat niche partitioning 192–3
habitat partitioning, mechanisms invariably
stabilizing 185
habitat specialization 112
Hawai’i 418, 447
apparent vulnerability to invasive species 410
effects of rooting pigs 415
introduced ornamental plants 420
nativeRubus hawaiiensiscompetes with exotic
Rubusspecies 417
naturalized exotic species 414
Volcanoes National Park 419–20
herbivores, population limitation 322–3
herbivory 71–2, 265, 314, 317
central process in tropical forest biology 64
comparison
deciduous and evergreenTDF species 71 ,72
TDF vs.TRF plants 71–2, 71
ecological specialization vs. functional
specialization 278
feeding specialization studies 278
influences on local and ecogeographic patterns
75–6
intense defoliation affectsTDF andTRF species 64
relative role of selective forces 278
shaping of diet breadth 277–8
and water availability–phenology hypothesis
68–70, 69
hierarchical causes model 369 , 372
host–parasite coevolution 276
Huai Kha Khaeng 89–90
human activity
impact on earth’s ecosystems 430
loss of habitat and climate change 43–4
human disturbance, creates openings for exotic
species 420
human impact, and large-scale rainforest
disturbance 400
hunting, a threat to rainforests 446, 466
disrupts seed dispersal, seed predation and seedling
browsing 446
subsistence hunting, commercial enterprises 446IDHseeintermediate disturbance hypothesis (IDH)
Indonesia 451
Kalimantan, slow recovery of species
richness 393
logging promotes deforestation by farmers 448
region’s new disaster area 448
initial floristic composition model 386
contrasted with relay floristics 368, 369 , 370
important life-history traits 369 , 370
insects/insect outbreaks, top-down influence on
plant communities 235
interaction categories model 369 , 371
intermediate disturbance hypothesis (IDH) 205, 386
refuted with species-individual curves from
BCI 205
International Cooperative Biodiversity Groups (ICBG)
432–3
biodiscovery partnerships 432–3
goals and motivation 432
taxol and discovery of more anti-cancer
drugs 432
collection/protection of crop germoplasm 432
invasible tropical systems 414–16
disturbed forests 414–15
browsing/rooting by exotic ungulates 415
Hawai’i, effects of rooting pigs 415
India, Western Ghats forests 415