lachrymose view 61, 74, 229–30
Landau, Ezekiel 130, 150
Lavater, Johann Kaspar 149
Lechi 232, 233, 234
Leeser, Isaac 166
left-wing anti-Semitism 182
legal emancipation of Jews 146–53
Lehmann, Bernard 114
Leib of Proznitz 129
Lenin, Vladimir 207
Leopold I 117
Lessing, Gotthold Ephraim 148
Lilienblum, Moses Lieb 188
Lincoln, Abraham 169
Lipstadt, Deborah 228
List, Friedrich 181
Lithuania 126, 133, 135–6
Livorno (Italy) 138–9
Locke, John 142
Loewe, Louis 172
Louis IX, King of France 94
Louis the Pious 76
Louis X, King of France 94
Löw, Judah ben Bezalel (MaHaRaL) 108
Löw, Leopold 159
Lueger, Carl 181
Luria, Isaac 103, 130, 136
Lurianic Kabbala 103–4, 127, 129, 132
Luther, Martin 109, 110–11
Luxemburg, Rosa 208, 209
Luzzatto, Moses Hayim (RaMHaL) 130
Luzzatto, Samuel David 159
Luzzatto, Simone 109
Maccabean Revolt 29, 39–40, 83
Maccabees 38
Magyar culture 154
Maimon, Solomon 147
Maimonidean Controversy 89, 98
Maimonides, Moses 72, 73, 89; Guide to the
Perplexed72, 89, 193; Mishmel Torah 72,
112
Maria Theresa, Empress 119, 150
Marr, Wilhelm 181, 182
marriage 164
Marrus, Michael 225
Martini, Raymond 88
martyrdom 83
Marx, Heinrich 155
Marx, Karl 155, 182
Marxist Zionism 194
Masada 40
maskilim, Russian 176, 177, 185, 187, 188
May Laws (1882) 186
Maybaum, Ignaz 230
Mayence (Mainz) 75, 76, 113
Mayer, Arno 220
medieval Christendom: Jews in 74–101
Mehmet II, Sultan 105
Meir, Golda 236
Menasseh ben Israel 142–3
Mendelssohn, Abraham 155
Mendelssohn, Moses 147–50, 151, 155
Menelaus 28, 29, 30
Mengele, Josef 226
merchants, Jewish 113, 114
Messer Leon, David ben Judah 107
messianism 104
Metz 75
Meyer, Michael 1
Midianites 8, 9
Midrash Aggadah 50–1, 54, 56
Midrash Halacha 50
millenarianism 142
Mishneh 50, 51, 54–5, 56, 57, 58, 59
Mitnagedic Judaism 135–6, 175
Mizrachi 195
Moabites 9
Modena, Leone 109
Molkho, Solomon 103
moneylending 77–8, 84, 87, 94, 111, 147
Mongols 90
Monk, Solomon 172
Moravian Jewish Council 118
Mordechai the Jew 1
Morovian Jews 117, 118, 121, 151
Mortara affair (1858) 172
Moses 1, 7, 9, 17, 24, 37, 90
Mossad 238
Muhammad 62, 63
Mussar Movement 175Nachmanides (Moses ben Nachman) 89, 97,
98, 107
Napoleon 153, 155
Nathan of Gaza 128, 131
Nathan of Hanover 126
Nathan, prophet 12, 13
National Education Fund Act (1851) 162
National Minorities Treaty (1922) 214
nationalism 154, 159, 187, 203
Nazi Germany 179, 220–30 see also
Holocaust
Nebuchadnezzar, King of Babylonia 1254 Index