Nehemiah 24
Neo-Orthodoxy 161, 162
Neolog Judaism 159, 162, 163
Neoplatonism 107
Nero, Emperor 39
Netherlands 144, 145 see alsoAmsterdam
New Amsterdam 144
New World: Jewish settlement 143
newspapers, Jewish 172
Nicholas I, Tsar 174
Nizahon Vitus 82
Nordau, Max 183, 191, 192–3
Normalschulen150–1
Northern Kingdom 16–18
Nuremberg Laws 222
Nyiszli, Miklós 226
Obadiah (prophet) 68
Occident(newspaper) 166
occupational profile of Jews 77–8, 84, 105,
164
Odessa 196–7
Old Yishuv 188, 195
Omri Dynasty 18
Oniads 30; feud with Tobiads 27–8
Onias II 27
Onias III 28
Oppenheim, David 118
Orthodox Jewish Congregational Union 201
Orthodox Judaism 133, 159–64, 192, 195,
242
Ottoman Empire 102, 104–5, 203; changes
to Jewish life and status of in nineteenth
century 169–71; comparison between
Polish and Ottoman Jewry 120–2;
conquest of Balkans 120; ethnic diversity
120; expansion of 105; founding of
Alliance Israélite Universelle 172–3;
impact of the Tanzimat 171; settlement
in by Jews after expulsion from Spain
and treatment of 104–6; war with
Habsburgs 117
Pact of Umar 63, 69, 77
Pale of Settlement 173–8, 185–6, 206
Palestine 189, 203, 214, 231, 239; Arab-
Israeli conflict 215–17, 233–4, 239; and
Balfour Declaration 206, 216, 217;
British Mandate 215, 217, 231–2;
British restrictions on Jewish
immigration into 231–2; partition of
232–3
Papal Inquisition 88, 89, 100
Pardes 54
Parthians 34–5
Passover 33
Passover Seder 37
Paul 45–6, 68
Paulus, Heinrich 154
Peretz, Isaac Leib 198–9
Persia 23–4, 63, 64, 106; Muslim conquest
of 63, 64
Persian Jews 106, 243
Peter the Hermit 82
Pharisees 32, 33, 36–7, 38, 40, 42, 49–50
Phasael 34
Philip II Augustus, King of France 93–4
Philistines 9, 10, 11
Philo 42–3
Pico della Mirandola, Giovanni 108
Pietists 85–6
Pilpul(casuistry) 133
Piłsudski, Marshal Józef 213, 214
Pinsker, Lev 188
Pinto, Isaac de 146
Pittsburgh Platform 168–9
Pius IX, Pope 180
Pius XII, Pope 228
Plantation Act (1740) 143
Pobedonostsev, Constantin 185
Polak, Jacob ben Joseph 123
Poland 102, 130–4, 204; Chmielnicki
massacres (1648) 3, 124–6, 133; death
camps in 223; deterioration of situation
for Jews by end of 1930s 214;
development of Jewish culture and
dissemination of 121–3; ethnic diversity
120–1; evolvement of Hasidism 133,
135; exodus of Jews from southern
125–6; expansion of 120; interwar
economy 214; interwar revival of Jewish
culture 213–14; Jewish communal
organization 122–3; literature written
for Jewish women 123–4; and National
Minorities Treaty (1922) 214; Nazi
conquest of and ghettoization of Jews
223; occupational profile of Jews 121;
Russian invasion of (1654) 125; trading
in by Jews 122
Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth 120, 124
polygamy 79, 81
Pompey, General 34, 43
Portugal 104
Portuguese Inquisition 104Index 255