Positive-Historical Judaism 155–6, 157–8,
160, 161
Prado, Juan de 140
Prague 108, 113, 117, 118, 119, 190
print culture, rise of 102
prophets 10, 18–19
Protocols of the Elders of Zion 182
Prussia 116, 161
Ptolemaeus III Philadelphus 42
Ptolemy (Ptolemaeus) 27
Querido, Jacob 131
Qur’an 61
Rabbenu Gershom see Gershom ben Meir
Rabbenu Tam (Tam ben Meir) 86
Rabbinic Judaism 44, 48, 49–60, 61, 88,
132, 178, 242; and Babylonian Talmud
56–9; clash with exilarch 56; conflict
with Karaism 61, 67; dualist scholarly
tradition (zuggot) 52–3; expansion of 49;
external assault on 89; facilitating of
extension of by Islamic conquest 64–5;
and intellectual elite 49; limitations of
59–60; and Midrash 50–1, 54, 56; and
Mishneh 50, 51, 54–5, 56, 57, 58, 59;
and Pharisaic heritage 49–50, 53;
Tannaitic teachings 50–2
rabbis 80–1
Rabinowitz, Shalom 198
Radhanite merchants 65
Rapoport, Solomon Judah 158
Rashi (Rabbi Solomon ben Isaac) 75, 81–2,
84, 85, 86, 87, 97
Rathenau, Walter 211
Rav 56
Rebecca 8
Reconstructionist Judaism 219–20
Red Army 207
rededication ceremony 29–30
Reform Judaism 155–6, 160, 161, 178,
242; American 166–9; Germany 155–7,
161, 167
Reformation 103, 109, 110–11, 112, 120
Rehoboam 16, 17
Rejectionist Orthodoxy 160
Religious Zionism 195
Renaissance 107–8
Reuchlin, Johannes 110
Reuveni, David 103
Revel, Barnard 219
revolutions (1848) 159, 181
Richard the Lionheart 92, 93
Riegner, Gerhardt 227
Riesser, Gabriel 154
right-wing anti-Semitism 181
Roman Empire/Romans: continuing of
toleration of Jews after rise of
Christianity 47–8; emergence of
Christianity as dominant religion 44–8;
Herod’s rule in Judea 34–7; Judea
becomes province of 34; rule of Israel
34–41; Zealot revolt against and defeat
of by 37–40
Romanian Jews 224
Rome: Jews in 43, 74
Rosenzweig, Franz 213
Rosman, Moshe 134
Rossi, Azaria de 107
Rothschild, Mayer Amschel 145–6
Rudiger of Speyer, Bishop, charter of 76
Rufeisen, Oswald (Brother Daniel) 235, 243
Rufina of Smyrna 33
Rumkowski, Chaim 226
Russian Civil War 207–8
Russian Haskalah 175–7, 178
Russian Jews 173–8; emigration to America
186; and First World War 206; forced
conscription of under Nicholas I 174;
May Laws (1882) 186; and Orthodoxy
160; and Pale of Settlement 173–8,
185–6, 2-6; pogroms against (1881)
185–7; pogroms against (1903-6) 194;
revival of Hebrew and Yiddish 176–8;
and Russian Revolution 207; and Soviet
regime 208; treatment of under Nicholas
I 174
Russian Revolution (1917) 207
Russian Socialist Party 187, 194, 197
Russo, Baruchiah 131Sa’adia Gaon 65–6, 67, 71
Sabbateans/Sabbateanism 128–33, 136, 160,
170
Sabbath 23, 53, 237
Sadducees 32, 33, 36, 37, 38, 42
Salanter, Israel 175
Salome Alexandra 33, 34
Salonika: Jews in 105–6
Samarians 24
same-day burial 148–9
Samson 9
Samuel 10, 11, 12
Sanhedrin 32–3, 35, 39, 40, 41, 44, 55256 Index