spp. and other fungi. Transactions of the British Mycolo-
gical Society 84 , 479– 487.
Deacon, J.W., Donaldson, S.J. & Last, F.T. (1983)
Sequences and interactions of mycorrhizal fungi on
birch. Plant and Soil 71 , 257–262.
Fox, F.M. (1986) Groupings of ectomycorrhizal fungi on
birch and pine, based on establishment of mycorrhizas
on seedlings from spores in unsterile soils. Transactions
of the British Mycological Society 87 , 371–380.
Gregory, P.H. (1973) Microbiology of the Atmosphere, 2nd edn.
Leonard Hill, Aylesbury.
Gubler, F. & Hardham, A.R. (1988) Secretion of adhesive
material during encystment of Phytophthora cinnamomi
zoospores, characterized by immunogold labeling with
monoclonal antibodies to components of peripheral
vesicles. Journal of Cell Science 90 , 225–235.
Hardham, A.R. (1995) Polarity of vesicle distribution in
oomycete zoospores: development of polarity and
importance for infection. Canadian Journal of Botany
73 (suppl.) S400– 407.
Hardham, A.R. (2001) Cell biology of fungal infection of
plants. In: The Mycota VIII. Biology of the Fungal Cell
(Howard, R.J. & Gow, N.A.R., eds), pp. 91–123. Springer-
Verlag, Berlin.
Hardham, A.R., Cahill, D.M., Cope, M., Gabor, B.K.,
Gubler, F. & Hyde, G.J. (1994) Cell surface antigens of
Phytophthoraspores: biological and taxonomic charac-
terization. Protoplasma 181 , 213–232.
Hiruki, C. & Teakle, D.S. (1987) Soil-borne viruses of
plants. In: Current Topics in Vector Research, vol. 3
(Harris, K.F., ed.), pp. 177–215. Springer-Verlag, New York.
Hsu, S.C. & Lockwood, J.L. (1973) Soil fungistasis: beha-
vior of nutrient-independent spores and sclerotia in a
model system. Phytopathology 63 , 334 –337.
Ingold, C.T. (1971) Fungal Spores and their Dispersal.
Clarendon Press, Oxford.
Lacey, J. (1988) Aerial dispersal and the development of
microbial communities. In:Micro-organisms in Action:
concepts and applications in microbial ecology(Lynch, J.M.
& Hobbie, J.E., eds), pp. 207–237. Blackwell Scientific,
Oxford.
Lockwood, J.L. (1977) Fungistasis in soils. Biological
Reviews 52 , 1– 43.
Mitchell, A.G. & Brasier, C.M. (1994) Contrasting structure
of European and North American populations of
Ophiostoma ulmi. Mycological Research 98 , 576 –582.
Moss, S. (1986) The Biology of Marine Fungi. Cambridge
University Press, Cambridge.
Reichle, R.E. & Fuller, M.F. (1967) The fine structure of
Blastocladiella emersoniizoospores. American Journal of
Botany 54 , 81–92.
Ron, E.Z. & Rosenberg, E. (2001) Natural roles of biosur-
factants. Environmental Microbiology 3 , 229–236.
Warburton, A.J. & Deacon, J.W. (1998) Transmembrane Ca^2 +
fluxes associated with zoospore encystment and cyst
germination by the phytopathogen Phytophthora parasitica.
Fungal Genetics and Biology 25 , 54 – 62.