Science - USA (2022-02-04)

(Antfer) #1
polyfluoroalkyl substances across aquatic species.
Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 40 , 1530–1543 (2021).
doi:10.1002/etc.5010; pmid: 33605484


  1. K. Borgået al., Trophic magnification factors: Considerations
    of ecology, ecosystems, and study design.Integr. Environ.
    Assess. Manag. 8 , 64–84 (2012). doi:10.1002/ieam.244;
    pmid: 21674770

  2. J. M. Conder, R. A. Hoke, W. De Wolf, M. H. Russell,
    R. C. Buck, Are PFCAs bioaccumulative? A critical review and
    comparison with regulatory criteria and persistent lipophilic
    compounds.Environ. Sci. Technol. 42 , 995–1003 (2008).
    doi:10.1021/es070895g; pmid: 18351063

  3. E. I. H. Loiet al., Trophic magnification of poly- and
    perfluorinated compounds in a subtropical food web.
    Environ. Sci. Technol. 45 , 5506–5513 (2011). doi:10.1021/
    es200432n; pmid: 21644538

  4. G. L. Lescordet al., Perfluorinated and polyfluorinated
    compounds in lake food webs from the Canadian high Arctic.
    Environ. Sci. Technol. 49 , 2694–2702 (2015). doi:10.1021/
    es5048649; pmid: 25604756

  5. J. W. Martin, D. M. Whittle, D. C. G. Muir, S. A. Mabury,
    Perfluoroalkyl contaminants in a food web from Lake Ontario.
    Environ. Sci. Technol. 38 , 5379–5385 (2004). doi:10.1021/
    es049331s; pmid: 15543740

  6. S. L. Simpsonet al., Chronic effects and thresholds for
    estuarine and marine benthic organism exposure to
    perfluorooctane sulfonic acid (PFOS)-contaminated
    sediments: Influence of organic carbon and exposure routes.
    Sci. Total Environ. 776 , 146008 (2021). doi:10.1016/
    j.scitotenv.2021.146008

  7. B. González-Gaya, P. Casal, E. Jurado, J. Dachs, B. Jiménez,
    Vertical transport and sinks of perfluoroalkyl substances in
    the global open ocean.Environ. Sci. Process. Impacts 21 ,
    1957 – 1969 (2019). doi:10.1039/C9EM00266A;
    pmid: 31393489

  8. L. Ahrens, M. Bundschuh, Fate and effects of poly- and
    perfluoroalkyl substances in the aquatic environment:
    A review.Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 33 , 1921–1929 (2014).
    doi:10.1002/etc.2663; pmid: 24924660

  9. G. Hoover, S. Kar, S. Guffey, J. Leszczynski, M. S. Sepúlveda,
    In vitro and in silico modeling of perfluoroalkyl substances
    mixture toxicity in an amphibian fibroblast cell line.
    Chemosphere 233 , 25–33 (2019). doi:10.1016/
    j.chemosphere.2019.05.065; pmid: 31163305

  10. C. J. McCarthy, S. A. Roark, E. T. Middleton, Considerations
    for toxicity experiments and risk assessments with PFAS
    mixtures.Integr. Environ. Assess. Manag. 17 , 697–704 (2021).
    doi:10.1002/ieam.4415; pmid: 33749053

  11. K. Jiet al., Toxicity of perfluorooctane sulfonic acid and
    perfluorooctanoic acid on freshwater macroinvertebrates
    (Daphnia magnaandMoina macrocopa) and fish (Oryzias
    latipes).Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 27 , 2159–2168 (2008).
    doi:10.1897/07-523.1; pmid: 18593212

  12. Z. Li, Z. Yu, P. Gao, D. Yin, Multigenerational effects of
    perfluorooctanoic acid on lipid metabolism ofCaenorhabditis
    elegansand its potential mechanism.Sci. Total Environ.
    703 , 134762 (2020). doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.134762;
    pmid: 31761367

  13. M. I. Chowdhury, T. Sana, L. Panneerselvan, R. Dharmarajan,
    M. Megharaj, Acute toxicity and trans-generational effects
    of perfluorobutane sulfonate inCaenorhabditis elegans.
    Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 40 , 1973–1982 (2021). doi:10.1002/
    etc.5055; pmid: 33792982

  14. B. C. Croneet al., Occurrence of per- and polyfluoroalkyl
    substances (PFAS) in source water and their treatment in


drinking water.Crit. Rev. Environ. Sci. Technol. 49 ,
2359 – 2396 (2019). doi:10.1080/10643389.2019.1614848;
pmid: 32831535


  1. US Environmental Protection Agency,“Per- and
    polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS): Incineration to manage
    PFAS waste streams”(EPA, 2019);https://www.epa.gov/
    sites/production/files/2019-09/documents/technical_
    brief_pfas_incineration_ioaa_approved_final_july_2019.pdf).

  2. L. J. Winchellet al., Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances
    thermal destruction at water resource recovery facilities:
    A state of the science review.Water Environ. Res. 93 ,
    826 – 843 (2021). doi:10.1002/wer.1483; pmid: 33190313

  3. I. Rosset al., A review of emerging technologies for
    remediation of PFASs.Rem. J. 28 , 101–126 (2018).
    doi:10.1002/rem.21553

  4. US Environmental Protection Agency,“Interim guidance on
    PFAS destruction and disposal (Report EO 12866 - 12-17-20 -
    508, EPA, 2020);https://www.regulations.gov/document/
    EPA-HQ-OLEM-2020-0527-0002).

  5. G. B. Post, J. A. Gleason, K. R. Cooper, Key scientific issues in
    developing drinking water guidelines for perfluoroalkyl acids:
    Contaminants of emerging concern.PLOS Biol. 15 , e2002855
    (2017). doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.2002855; pmid: 29261653

  6. US Environmental Protection Agency,“Drinking water treatability
    database”(EPA, 2021);https://tdb.epa.gov/tdb/home.

  7. X. Xiao, B. A. Ulrich, B. Chen, C. P. Higgins, Sorption of poly- and
    perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) relevant to aqueous film-
    forming foam (AFFF)-impacted groundwater by biochars and
    activated carbon.Environ. Sci. Technol. 51 , 6342–6351 (2017).
    doi:10.1021/acs.est.7b00970; pmid: 28582977

  8. E. W. Towet al., Managing and treating per- and polyfluoroalkyl
    substances (PFAS) in membrane concentrates.
    AWWA Water Sci. 3 ,1–23 (2021). doi:10.1002/aws2.1233;
    pmid: 34938982

  9. N. Bolanet al., Remediation of poly- and perfluoroalkyl
    substances (PFAS) contaminated soils - To mobilize or to
    immobilize or to degrade?J. Hazard. Mater. 401 , 123892
    (2021). doi:10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.123892; pmid: 33113753

  10. E. Barth, J. McKernan, D. Bless, K. Dasu, Investigation of
    an immobilization process for PFAS contaminated soils.
    J. Environ. Manage. 296 , 113069 (2021). doi:10.1016/
    j.jenvman.2021.113069; pmid: 34225046

  11. The Chemours Company, Fayetteville Works Plant,“Thermal
    oxidizer performance test report: Chemours Company
    Fayetteville Works”(Focus Project No. P-001393, Chemours,
    2020);https://www.chemours.com/en/-/media/files/
    corporate/fayetteville-works/2020-03-thermal-oxidizer-test-
    report.pdf.

  12. M. Y. Khan, S. So, G. da Silva, Decomposition kinetics of
    perfluorinated sulfonic acids.Chemosphere 238 , 124615 (2020).
    doi:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.124615; pmid: 31454742

  13. S. Rayne, K. Forest, Perfluoroalkyl sulfonic and carboxylic
    acids: A critical review of physicochemical properties, levels
    and patterns in waters and wastewaters, and treatment
    methods.J. Environ. Sci. Health A Tox. Hazard. Subst.
    Environ. Eng. 44 , 1145–1199 (2009). doi:10.1080/
    10934520903139811 ; pmid: 19847705

  14. T. P. Riedelet al., Low temperature thermal treatment of
    gas-phase fluorotelomer alcohols by calcium oxide.
    Chemosphere 272 , 129859 (2021). doi:10.1016/
    j.chemosphere.2021.129859; pmid: 34675448

  15. B. N. Nzeribe, M. Crimi, S. Mededovic Thagard, T. M. Holsen,
    Physico-Chemical Processes for the Treatment of Per-
    And Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS): A review.Crit. Rev.


Environ. Sci. Technol. 49 , 866–915 (2019). doi:10.1080/
10643389.2018.1542916


  1. C. F. Kwiatkowskiet al., Scientific basis for managing PFAS as a
    chemical class.Environ. Sci. Technol. Lett. 7 , 532–543 (2020).
    doi:10.1021/acs.estlett.0c00255; pmid: 34307722

  2. US Environmental Protection Agency,“Fact sheet: 2010/2015
    PFOA Stewardship Program”(EPA, 2010);https://www.epa.
    gov/assessing-and-managing-chemicals-under-tsca/fact-
    sheet-20102015-pfoa-stewardship-program.

  3. US Environmental Protection Agency,“Premanufacture
    notification excemption for polymers; amendment of polymer
    exemption rule to exclude certain perfluorinated polymers”
    (EPA, 2010);https://www.regulations.gov/document/
    EPA-HQ-OPPT-2002-0051-0080.

  4. US Environmental Protection Agency,“Long-chain
    perfluoroalkyl carboxylate and perfluoroalkyl sulfonate
    chemical substances; significant new use rule”(EPA, 2020);
    https://www.federalregister.gov/documents/2020/07/27/
    2020-13738/long-chain-perfluoroalkyl-carboxylate-and-
    perfluoroalkyl-sulfonate-chemical-substances-significant.

  5. US Environmental Protection Agency,“EPA administrator
    Regan announces comprehensive national strategy to
    confront PFAS pollution”(EPA, 2021);https://www.epa.gov/
    newsreleases/epa-administrator-regan-announces-
    comprehensive-national-strategy-confront-pfas.

  6. SGS,“Denmark bans PFAS chemicals in food contact paper
    and board”(SGS, 2019);https://www.sgs.com/en/news/
    2020/05/safeguards-07320-denmark-bans-pfas-chemicals-
    in-food-contact-paper-and-board.

  7. Z. Wanget al., We need a global science-policy body on
    chemicals and waste.Science 371 , 774–776 (2021).
    doi:10.1126/science.abe9090; pmid: 33602839

  8. W. Zhanget al., Manufacture of hydrofluorocarbons and
    hydrofluoroolefins as the CFCs-alternatives: From fundamental of
    catalytic reaction to commercialisation.Scientia Sin. Chim. 47 ,
    1312 – 1325 (2017). doi:10.1360/N032017-00105


ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
We thank T. Collette, C. Lau, K. Godineaux, J. Johnston,
B. Schumacher, B. Fisher, G. Hagler, T. Watkins, B. Rodan, and
S. Burden and the anonymous referees for helpful comments and
suggestions.Funding:This research was supported by the EPA
Office of Research and Development; North Carolina State
University (NCSU), the National Institute of Environmental Health
Sciences of the National Institutes of Health (P42ES031009); and
ETH Zürich, Institute of Environmental Engineering. It has been
subjected to the EPA’s administrative review and approved for
publication. Mention of trade names or commercial products does
not constitute endorsement or recommendation for use. The
views expressed in this article are those of the authors and do not
necessarily represent the views or policies of the EPA.Author
contributions:M.J.B.D., M.G.E., and J.P.M. wrote the print
summary; A.B.L., M.J.S., and Z.W. wrote the products section;
M.G.E., C.T.S., and E.J.W. wrote the degradation section; M.J.B.D.
and J.W.W. wrote the mobility section; B.A., J.A.A., and W.M.H.
wrote the exposure section; D.R.U.K., J.P.M., and T.F.S. wrote the
remediation section.Competing interests:Z.W. has received
compensation from the Organisation of Economic Co-operation
and Development (OECD) to develop a synthesis report on
side-chain fluorinated polymers. D.R.U.K. serves on the North
Carolina Secretaries’Science Advisory Board. The remaining
authors declare no competing interests.

10.1126/science.abg9065

Evichet al.,Science 375 , eabg9065 (2022) 4 February 2022 14 of 14


RESEARCH | REVIEW

Free download pdf