Notes 11312 Stocker, T. F.et al. 2001. Physical climate processes and feedbacks. In
Houghton, J. T., Ding, Y., Griggs, D. J., Noguer, M., van der Linden, P. J., Dai,
X., Maskell, K., Johnson, C. A. (eds.)Climate Change 2001: The Scientific
Basis.Contribution of Working Group I to the Third Assessment Report of
the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Cambridge: Cambridge
University Press, Section 7.2.1.1.
13 Lindzen, R. S. 1990. Some coolness concerning global warming.Bulletin of
the American Meteorological Society, 71 , pp. 288–99. In this paper, Lindzen
queries the magnitude and sign of the feedback due to water vapour, es-
pecially in the upper troposphere, and suggests that it could be much less
positive than predicted by modelsand could even be slightly negative. Much
has been done through observational and modelling studies to investigate
the likely magnitude of water vapour feedback. More detail can be found
in Stocker, T. F.et al. 2001. Physical climate processes and feedbacks. In
Houghton,Climate Change 2001, Chapter 7. The conclusion of that chapter,
whose authors include Linzden, is that ‘the balance of evidence favours a
positive clear-sky water vapour feedback of a magnitude comparable to that
found in simulations.
14 For more details see McAvaney, B. J.et al. 2001. Chapter 8 in Houghton,
Climate Change 2001.
15 Graf, H.-E.et al. 1993. Pinatubo eruption winter climate effects: model
versus observations.Climate Dynamics, 9 , pp. 61–73.
16 See Policymakers summary. In Houghton,J. T., Jenkins, G. J.,Ephraums, J.
J. (eds.) 1990.Climate Change: the IPCC Scientific Assessment.Cambridge:
Cambridge University Press.
17 See Summary for policymakers. In Houghton, J. T., Meira Filho, L. G.,
Callander, B. A., Harris, N., Kattenberg, A., Maskell, K. (eds.) 1996.Cli-
mate Change 1995: the Science of Climate Change.Cambridge: Cambridge
University Press.
18 Detection is the process demonstrating that an observed change is signif-
icantly different (in a statistical sense) than can be explained by natural
variability.Attribution is the process of establishing cause and effect with
some defined level of confidence, including the assessment of competing
hypotheses.
19 For this and other information about detection and attribution studies see
Mitchell, J. F. B., Karoly, D. J. 2001. Detection of climate change and attri-
bution of causes. In Houghton,Climate Change 2001, Chapter 12.
20 Summary for policymakers. In Houghton,Climate Change 2001.
21 See Levitus, S.et al. 2000.Science, 287 , pp. 2225–9; and Levitus, S.et al.
2001.Science, 292 , pp. 267–70.
22 Gregory, J.et al. 2002.Journal of Climate, 15 , 3117–21.
23 The regional scale is definedas describing the range of 10^4 to 10^7 km^2.
The upper endof the range (10^7 km^2 ) is often described as a typical
sub-continental scale. Circulations at larger than the sub-continental scale
are on the planetary scale.