xvi List of figures4.4 Adapted from Raynaud, D.et al. 1993. The ice core record of greenhouse gases.
Science, 259 , 926–34. 69
4.5 Adapted from Broecker, W. S. and Denton, G. H. 1990. What drives glacial cycles.
Scientific American, 262 , 43–50. 71
4.6 Adapted from Professor Dansgaard and colleagues, Greenland ice core (GRIP)
members. 1990. Climate instability during the last interglacial period in the GRIP ice
core.Nature, 364 , 203–7. 72
4.7 Adapted from Dansgaard, W., White, J. W. C., Johnsen, S. J. 1989. The abrupt
termination of the Younger Dryas climate event.Nature, 339 , 532–3. 74
5.1 Illustrating the growth of computer power available at major forecasting centres. 78
5.2 Schematic illustrating the parameters and physical processes involved in atmosphere
models. 79
5.3 Illustration of a model grid. 81
5.4 Illustrating some of the sources of data for input into the UK Meteorological Office
global weather forecasting modelon a typical day. 82
5.5 From UK Meteorological Office. 83
5.6 After Milton, S. Meteorological Office, quoted in Houghton, J. T. 1991. The Bakerian
Lecture, 1991: the predictability of weather and climate.Philosophical Transactions
of the Royal Society, London, A, 337 , pp. 521–71. 83
5.7 After Lighthill, J. 1986. The recently recognized failure in Newtonian dynamics.
Proceedings of the Royal Society, London, A, 407 , pp. 35–50. 84
5.8 FromThe Storm 15/16 October 1987. Exeter, Devon, UK Meteorological Office Report. 85
5.9 From the Hadley Centre, UK. 86
5.10 Series updated from Nicholson, S. E. 1985. Sub-Saharan rainfall 1981–84.Journal of
Climate and Applied Meteorology, 24 , pp. 1388–91. 87
5.11 Updated from Folland, C. K., Parker, D. E., Palmer, T. N. 1986. Sahel rainfall and
worldwide sea temperatures 1901–85.Nature, 320 , pp. 602–7. 87
5.12 From Houghton, J. T. 1991. The Bakerian Lecture, 1991: the predictability of weather
and climate.Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society, London, A, 337 , pp. 521–71. 89
5.13 Schematic of the climate system. 90
5.14 Schematic of the physical processes associated with clouds. 90
5.15 Diagram from Catherine Senior, UK Meteorological Office. 92
5.16 See Siedler, G., Church, J., Gould, J. (eds.). 2001.Ocean Circulation and Climate.
London: Academic Press. Original diagram from Woods, J. D. 1984. The upper ocean
and air sea interaction in global climate. In Houghton, J. T.The Global Climate.
Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 141–87. 94
5.17 Component elements and parameters of a coupled atmosphere–ocean model including
the exchanges at the atmosphere–ocean interface. 97
5.18 After Broecker, W. S., Denton, G. H. 1990. What drives glacial cycles?Scientific
American, 262 , pp. 43–50. 99
5.19 This diagram and information about modelling past climates is from Kutzbach, J. E.
- In Trenberth, K. E.Climate System Modelling. Cambridge: Cambridge
University Press. 101