Some global economics 231The Rio Declaration 1992
The Rio Declaration on Environment and Development was agreed by
over 160 countries at the United Nations Conference on Environment and
Development (the ‘Earth Summit’) held in Rio de Janeiro in 1992. Some
examples of the twenty-seven principles enumerated in the Declaration
are as follows:
Principle 1Human beings are at the centre of concerns for sustain-
able development. They are entitled to a healthy and productive life in
harmony with nature.
Principle 3The right to development must be fulfilled so as to equitably
meet developmental and environmental needsof present and future gen-
erations.
Principle 5All States and allpeople shall cooperate in the essentialtask
of eradicating poverty as an indispensable requirement for sustainable
development, in order to decrease the disparities in standards of living
and better meet the needs of the majority of the people of the world.
Principle 7States shall cooperate in a spirit of global partnership to
conserve, protect and restore the health and integrity of the Earth’s
ecosystem. In view of the different contributions to global environmen-
tal degradation, States have common but differentiated responsibilities.
The developed countries acknowledge the responsibilitythey bear in the
international pursuit of sustainable development in view of the pressures
their societies place on the global environment and of the technologies
and financial resources they command.
Principle 15In order to protect the environment, the precautionary ap-
proach shall be widely applied by States according to their capabilities.
Where there are threats of serious or irreversible damage, lack of full
scientific certainty shall not be used as a reason for postponing cost-
effective measures to prevent environmental degradation.
Principle 16National authorities should endeavour to promote the inter-
nalisation of environmental costs and the use of economic instruments,
taking into account the approach that the polluter should, in principle,
bear the cost of pollution, with due regard to the public interest and
without distorting international trade and investment.out the weighing in terms of cost? In a world that tends to be dominated
by economic arguments, quantification of the costs of action against the
likely costs of the consequences of inaction must at least be attempted.
It is also helpful to put these costs in context by comparing them with
other items of global expenditure.