Notes 26712 Hourcade, J. C.et al. 1996. A review of mitigation cost studies. In Bruce, J.,
Hoesung Lee, Haites, E. (eds.) 1996.Climate Change 1995: Economic and
Social Dimensions of Climate Change. Cambridge: Cambridge University
Press, Chapter 9.
13 Cole, V.et al. 1996. Agricultural options for mitigation of greenhouse gas
emissions. In Watson,Climate Change 1995: Impacts.
14 This figure is calculated by multiplying the sixty million tonnes by the global
warming potential for methane which, for a time horizon of 100 years, is
about 23 (Table 10.2), then by 12/44 to put it into tonnes of carbon.
15 Prentice, I. C.et al. 2001. The carbon cycle and atmospheric carbon dioxide.
In Houghton, J. T., Ding, Y., Griggs, D. J., Noguer, M.,van der Linden, P.
J., Dai, X., Maskell, K., Johnson, C. A. (eds.)Climate Change 2001: The
Scientific Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Third Assessment
Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Cambridge:
Cambridge University Press.
16 Cox, P. M.et al. 2000. Acceleration of global warming due to carbon cycle
feedbacks in a coupled climate model.Nature, 408 , pp. 184–7; Jones, C. D.
et al. 2003.Tellus,55B, pp. 642–58.
17 Additional climate-carbon cycle feedbacks have been ignored in this calcu-
lation.
18 Arnell, N. W.et al. 2002. The consequences of CO 2 stabilisation for the
impacts of climate change.Climatic Change, 53 , pp. 413–46.
19 Allowing, for the CFCs, a reduction in their forcing because of stratospheric
ozone destruction. Further, only the well-mixed greenhouse gases have been
considered here. Tropospheric ozone and sulphate aerosols are not well
mixed but have significant radiative forcing effects (see Figure 3.8). Their
effects are of opposite sign and when globally averaged are of similar mag-
nitude so to some degree might be considered to compensate for each other.
20 Note that, although the amount of forcing from the minor gases is the same,
when turned into equivalent carbon dioxide, the amounts added increase
with the carbon dioxide concentration to which the amount is added. This is
because the relationship between radiative forcing (Rin W m−^2 ) and con-
centration (C in ppm) is non-linear. The relationship isR= 5 .3ln(C/C 0 )
whereC 0 is the pre-industrial CO 2 concentration.
21 European Commission Communicationon a Community Strategy on Cli-
mate Change; Council of Ministers Conclusion, 25–26 June 1996.
22 From speech to Institutional Investors Group, London, 26 November 2003.
23 Further details on the GCI web site, http://www.gci.org.uk.
24 World Energy Council Commission Report,Energy for Tomorrow’s World.
London: World Energy Council, 1993. The World Energy Council is an
international body that links together the World’s Energy Industries.