306 Gathering the pieces
Greenway network tends to interconnect greenspaces for walkers/wildlife in metro
area.Copenhagen, Minneapolis/St. Paul (USA), Ottawa, Toronto
Wide green corridor along major river bisecting metro area. Edmonton, Wash-
ington
Large central greenspace.Berlin, Christchurch (New Zealand), Mexico City,
NewYork, Tokyo (mainly palace grounds)
Green roofs noticeably abundant in city.Basel (Switzerland), Zurich, certain
German cities.
Relatively distinct border between metro area and surrounding countryside.
Bucharest, Edmonton, Santiago, Shanghai, Sofia, Winnipeg
(Canada)
Major natural-systems project (large edge park) achieved at one portion of metro-
area border.Boston (Frederick Law Olmsted’s Emerald Necklace),
Barcelona (Antoni Gaudi’s Parque Guell)
Urban-growth boundary that sharply reduces rate of outward urbanization.
Portland
Scalloped metro area border providing benefits to nearby residents.Bucharest
Several green wedges projecting into metro area. Moscow, Brasilia,
Buenos Aires, Cairo, Chicago, Jabalpur (India), Melbourne, San
Diego/Tijuana, Stockholm
Asinglegreen wedge projecting into metro area.Birmingham (UK), Sofia
Especially wide and long green wedge, as a major source of wildlife for city.
Portland
Greenbelt.London, Ottawa (around half of city)
Ring of large parks.Barcelona, Seoul (remnants of a former greenbelt)
Nearby mountain/hill slopes facing city mainly protected by forest/woodland.
Erzurum, Portland, Sapporo, Ulaanbaatar
Towns mostly located near boundary of agricultural and natural areas.Ulaan-
baatar, Tegucigalpa, Kuala Lumpur
Relatively low abundance or ‘‘ density” of built-area borders in urban-region ring
around large city.Cairo,Beijing
Regional land-use planning evident in the metropolitan area form. Canberra,
Brasilia, Rome, Bucharest
Regional land-use planning evident in the urban-region ring. Brasilia,
Canberra, London, Moscow, Beijing, BerlinNature, forest/woodland, and food production
Abundance of wooded landscapes in urban region.Berlin, Kagoshima
Large forest/woodland patches across region resulting from recent several-decade
policy.Moscow, Berlin, Bucharest