308 Gathering the pieces
Reticulate rail network across urban region providing for non-radial passenger
travel. London
Low level of annual vehicle-kilometers (miles)-traveled per person.Berlin, Shang-
hai, Singapore
Traffic-congestion programs in the city to limit air pollution and greenhouse
gases. London, Singapore, Rome
Main highways often along border of, rather than within, major land-cover types.
Sapporo
Vegetatedoverpasses that provide connectivity across highways for wildlife and
walkers.Barcelona, Amsterdam (for wildlife)
Newdevelopment in urban-region ring mainly occurring next to existing devel-
opment.Berlin
Only, or last, nuclear-power plant in urban region decommissioned/de-fueled.
London, Portland
Heavy industry concentrated around a satellite city rather than metro area.
Sapporo
Heavy industry concentrated near shipping/ferry port outside metro area.
Sapporo
Major diverse pollution sources mainly on downwind edge of metro area.
Edmonton, Chicago, MelbourneBad patterns
Although some benefits, of course, are present, negatives seem to clearly
outweigh positives for the following characteristics.Metro-area characteristics, city, and urban region
Urban region split between two nations. San Diego/Tijuana, Strasbourg
(France)
Urban region split between two states or provinces in a nation.Chicago,
Ottawa, Philadelphia, Portland, Washington
Megacity with significant urban infrastructure and other problems.Delhi, Mex-
ico City, Sao Paulo
City with competitive/combined regional effects due to another nearby major city.
Asahikawa (Japan), Philadelphia, Kagoshima, Ottawa
Metro area within an agglomeration of separated cities, each with >250 000
people.Amsterdam,Seoul, Tokyo
Unusually large metro area relative to population and area of urban region.
Atlanta, Chicago, Philadelphia
Small urban-region ring to support the city. Chicago, Philadelphia,
Kagoshima