Experience in America, ed. Abraham J. Karp, 5 vols. (Waltham, Mass. and New
York, 1969), 4:336–45.
69.Jenna W. Joselit, Our Gang (Bloomington, Ind., 1983), pp. 8–9, 16; NYT, 27
Sept. 1895; reel 690, Schiff to L. Marshall, 14 Apr. 1902, to M. Schiff, 26 July
1915.
70.Louis Finkelstein in AH, 2 Oct. 1936; Cowen, Memories of an American Jew,
pp. 91–92; Arthur A. Goren, “Sacred and Secular,” Jewish History 8, nos. 1–2
(1994): 277, 288; reel 1978, Schiff to T. Shonts, 15 Sept. 1915; Judah Magnes
papers (Central Archives for the History of the Jewish People, Jerusalem), P
3/828, Schiff to J. Magnes, 11 Nov. 1908; AH, 16 Feb. 1906; Zosa Szajkowski,
“Paul Nathan, Lucien Wolf, Jacob H. Schiff and the Jewish Revolutionary
Movements in Eastern Europe,” Jewish Social Studies 29 (Apr. 1967): 80–83.
71.Lloyd Gartner to author, June [8] 1993.
72.Arthur A. Goren, “Pageants of Sorrow, Celebration and Protest,” Studies in
Contemporary Jewry 12 (1996): 211–14.
73.Robinson, Cyrus Adler, 1:123–24; AH, 17 Nov. 1905; 5 Jan., 2 Feb. 1906; Mac-
cabaean 10 (Jan. 1906): 29; Arthur A. Goren, Dissenter in Zion (Cambridge,
Mass., 1982), pp. 14–15.
74.AJC archives, “Minutes of the Conference on Organization,” 3–4 Feb. 1906,
remarks by A. Kraus, E. Hirsch, O. Wise; Schiff papers (JTS archives, Jerusa-
lem), Schiff to C. Adler, 3 Nov. 1916; AH, 22 Dec. 1905.
75.AH, 2 Feb. 1906.
76.Reznikoff, Marshall, 1:19–24; Maccabaean 10 (Feb. 1906): 76; AJC archives,
“Minutes of the Conference on Organization,” 3–4 Feb. 1906; reel 693, Schiff
to editor, Jewish Daily News, 11 Feb. 1906; Zosa Szajkowski, “The Impact of
the Russian Revolution of 1905 on American Jewish Life,” YIVO Annual of
Jewish Social Science 17 (1978): 93.
77.AH, 16 Feb. 1906.
78.Naomi W. Cohen, Not Free to Desist (Philadelphia, 1972), p. 15, chap. 2; Pro-
ceedings of the Union of American Hebrew Congregations, 1909, pp. 6254–61;
Arthur A. Goren, New York Jews and the Quest for Community (New York, 1970),
pp. 44–45.
79.Reel 693, Schiff to M. Sulzberger, 12 May, 29 June 1908, to Dr. Blau, 10, 30
July, 28 Aug. 1908, to N. Leven, 23 June 1909; Adler, Schiff, 2:160.
80.Reel 693, Schiff to C. Adler, 7 Sept. 1908; Arthur Gorenstein, “The Commis-
sioner and the Community,” YIVO Annual of Jewish Social Science13 (1965):
187–212. It is interesting that, at the same time, new Italian immigrants,
smarting under the existence of crime in their neighborhoods, organized a
self-defense organization, the White Hand, to resist the notorious Black
Hand. Humbert S. Nelli, Italians in Chicago (New York, 1970), pp. 134–35.
81.Reel 23, letter by Schiff, 22 Mar. 190[9]; Goren, New York Jews,chaps. 2–3;
Reznikoff, Marshall, 1:36.
82.AJC archives, “Transcript of the Annual Meeting of the AJC,” 8 Nov. 1908.
83.Goren, New York Jews,chap. 3; AH, 5 Mar. 1909; reel 23, letter by Schiff, 22
Mar. 190[9].
84.Reel 1978, J. Magnes to Schiff, 14 July 1915; Goren, New York Jews,chap. 5,
pp. 61, 125–26, 144, 182, 184.272 Notes to Chapter 3