100.Janine M. Perry, “The Idea of Immigrant Distribution in the United States,
1890–1915” (master’s thesis, Hunter College, 1975), chaps. 1–3; Joseph, Baron
de Hirsch Fund, pp. 184–205; Cohen, Encounter with Emancipation, pp. 317–18,
320–22; reel 22, Schiff to F. Underwood, 22 Oct. 1903; IRO papers (AJHS
archives), Box 91, I-91, Schiff file. For pre-IRO dispersion projects see Zosa
Szajkowski, “The Attitude of American Jews to East European Jewish Immi-
gration,” PAJHS40 (Mar. 1951): 235–41.
101.Joseph, Baron de Hirsch Fund, pp. 184–205; IRO papers, D. Bressler to Schiff,
25 Feb. 1910; Kate Claghorn in Jewish Charity3 (Nov. 1903): 30–33. Schiff
also blamed the Yiddish press, charging that the papers opposed distribution in
order to preserve their readership. Reel 22, Schiff to H. Sabsovich, 7 Feb.
1911.
102.AH, 17 July–21 Aug., 25 Sept. 1903; National Liberal Immigration League
papers (New York Public Library), P. Hall to M. Beals, 14 Feb. 1910; Cohen,
Encounter with Emancipation, pp. 322–25.
103.AH,22 July 1909; reel 23, Schiff to C. Sulzberger, 12 July 1909. In 1915, his
eyes fixed on Jews made homeless by the war, Schiff confidently asserted that
the West would welcome Jewish immigrants and that it could absorb about
two million. NYT,4 May 1915.
104.American Israelite, 22 July–5 Aug., 2 Sept. 1909; NYT,7, 24 Jan. 1910, 23 Jan.
1911, 16 Feb. 1914.
- Captivity and Redemption (Notes to Pages 124–152)
1.Reel 22 (JTS archives), Schiff to J. Goldman, 10 May 1898, to H. Guenzberg,
23 Jan. 1907; reel 679, Schiff to I. Zangwill, 21 Nov. 1905; Schiff address in
AH, 8 Oct. 1920.
2.Reel 22, Schiff to M. Blumenthal, 13 Sept. 1899, to S. Kahn, 12 Oct. 1899;
Egal Feldman, The Dreyfus Affair and the American Conscience (Detroit, 1981),
chap. 10; Naomi W. Cohen, “American Jewish Reactions to Anti-Semitism in
Western Europe,” Proceedingsof the American Academy for Jewish Research,
45 (1978): 29–65.
3.Reel 22, J. Marcus to S. Wolf, 10 Oct. 1920.
4.Reel 692, Schiff to N. Katzenelsohn, 21 June, 31 July 1904.
5.Reel 22, Schiff to I. Loeb, 22 Dec. 1890, to E. Cassel, 9 June 1891, to J. Selig-
man, 29 June 1891, to P. Schiff, 8 July 1891; AH, 17, 31 Oct. 1890; Naomi W.
Cohen, A Dual Heritage(Philadelphia, 1969), pp. 57–60.
6.Cyrus Adler and Aaron M. Margalith, With Firmness in the Right(New York,
1946), pp. 218–21; Cohen, Dual Heritage, pp. 60–62; Philip Cowen, Memories
of an American Jew(New York, 1932), p. 273; reel 22, Schiff to A. White, 1
Aug. 1892; reel 1977, L. Marshall to Schiff, 28 Aug. 1914.
7.Cohen, “American Jewish Reactions to Anti-Semitism,” pp. 32–33, 35;
Cohen, Dual Heritage, p. 62.
8.Reel 22, Schiff to H. White, 10 Dec. 1890, to O. Villard, 19 June 1905, to P.
Nathan, 3 June 1907, to C. Hallgarten, 14 Dec. 1914; reel 679, Schiff to G.
Jones, 15 Sept. 1891; Cyrus Adler, Jacob H. Schiff, 2 vols. (Garden City, N.Y.,274 Notes to Chapter 4