26.Reel 22, Schiff to P. Nathan, 29 Mar., 19 July, 11 Oct. 1905, to C. Hallgarten,
14 December 1904.
27.Reel 676, Schiff to H. Schueler, 27 Oct. 1905; reel 679, Schiff to G. Wilenkin,
27 Mar. 1905, to J. Stillman, 29 Aug. 1905; reel 688, Schiff to E. Cassel, 18
Oct. 1905; Cowen, Memories of an American Jew, p. 278; Adler, Schiff, 2:133.
28.Cowen, Memories of an American Jew, chap. 10; reel 22, N. Rothschild to
Schiff, 7 Apr. 1904; reel 691, Schiff to P. Nathan, 28 Dec. 1904. Contrary to
Lord Rothschild’s opinion, the French Rothschilds backed loans to Russia
during the Russo-Japanese War. A. J. Sherman, “German Jewish Bankers in
World Politics,” Leo Baeck Institute Year Book28 (1983): 69.
29.Cowen, Memories of an American Jew, chap. 10; NYT,9 Apr. 1911; Mark Lev-
ene, War, Jews, and the New Europe(Oxford, 1992), pp. 56–59.
30.Reel 22, Schiff to N. Katzenelsohn, 21 June 1904, 31 July 1904; reel 679, CA
MSS, Schiff to V. von Plehve [1904]; Adler, Schiff, 2:123–28, 146; Naomi W.
Cohen, “The Abrogation of the Russo-American Treaty of 1832,” Jewish Social
Studies25 (Jan. 1963): 7–8.
31.Reel 22, Schiff to G. Wilenkin, 22 Aug. 1904; reel 677, Schiff to K. Takahashi,
24 Dec. 1908; reel 679, Schiff to G. Wilenkin, 27 Mar. 1905; reel 687, Schiff to
E. Cassel, 11 Oct. 1908; Adler, Schiff, 2:128, 142–43; Walter V. Scholes and
Marie V. Scholes, The Foreign Policies of the Taft Administration(Columbia, Mo.,
1970), p. 123.
32.Reel 22, G. Kennan to Schiff, 11 Apr. 1917; reel 692, Schiff to W. Short, 6 Apr.
1917, to G. Kennan, 11 Apr. 1917; NYT,24 Mar. 1917; Laserson, American
Impact on Russia, pp. 387–89.
33.Reel 22, Schiff to P. Cowen, 7 Aug. 1905.
34.Jewish Comment, 18 Aug. 1905.
35.Ibid., Abraham Ascher, The Revolution of 1905(Stanford, Calif., 1988), pp.
18–19, 300–301; NCRSRM papers, S. Wolf to M. Heller, 11 Dec. 1905.
36.Adolf Kraus, Reminiscences and Comments(Chicago, 1925), pp. 156–57;
Cowen, Memories of an American Jew, pp. 328–30; Cohen, Dual Heritage, pp.
132–35; Adler, Schiff, 2:128–33; The Memoirs of Count Witte, trans. and ed.
Abraham Yarmolinsky (New York, 1967), pp. 163–64; Herman Bernstein, in
AH, 8 Oct. 1920.
37.Reel 22, Schiff to P. Cowen, 16 Aug. 1905, to P. Nathan, 15 Sept., 6 Nov. 1905;
reel 681, S. Witte to Schiff, 11 Sept. 1905; Morison, Letters of Roosevelt, 5:207;
AH, 15 Sept. 1905.
38.Judith S. Goldstein, The Politics of Ethnic Pressure(New York, 1990), p. 42. For
this and next paragraph, see AH, 18 Aug., 1, 29 Sept. 1905; Jewish Comment, 18
Aug.–15 Sept. 1905; Maccabaean9 (Sept. 1905): 161–62; Jewish American, 18,
25 Aug., 8 Sept. 1905.
39.Reel 22, Schiff to P. Nathan, 15 Sept. 1905.
40.Ascher, Revolution of 1905, p. 255; reel 679, Schiff to I. Zangwill, 21 Nov. 1905,
to N. Katzenelsohn, 29 Nov. 1905, to Henry Higginson, 5 July 1906, to R.
Noetzlin, 9 Sept. 1906; reel 692, Schiff to C. Adler, 10 Nov. 1905, to E. Cassel,
23 Nov. 1905.
41.Reel 22, Schiff to L. Wald, 22 Jan. 1906; reel 679, Schiff to E. Root in CA MSS,
p. 140; Morris D. Waldman, Nor by Power(New York, 1953), pp. 325–26; AH,276 Notes to Chapter 4